236 SHADE-TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES 



squares, gardens, and parks. The annual expenses of main- 

 tenance are about $80,000. This sum is spent on wages 

 of workmen, repairs of guards, grills, etc. ; the supply of 

 new soil to drooping specimens and the replacing of dead 

 trees. The work is done by a force of one hundred and two 

 men, divided into gangs entrusted with a certain kind of 

 work, such as planting, transplanting, pruning, etc. The 

 work of transplanting large trees in trucks is done by special 

 contractors. The trees existing on the public highways are 

 planted and cared for at the expense of the city. The Pre- 

 fect of the Department of the Seine writes that about eight- 

 een hundred trees are planted annually to take the place of 

 dead trees. New streets are also planted, but these planta- 

 tions are very small, as trees have already been set out on 

 all the streets that are sufficiently wide to have them. 



New York and Other Cities. — By an act of the year 1902, 

 of the Laws of the State of New York, the jurisdiction of 

 the Park Boards of Greater New York was extended to the 

 preservation and planting of trees on the streets of the sev- 

 eral boroughs. Among the other' cities of the country that 

 have assumed control of the street-trees within recent years 

 are Chicago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Buffalo, Hartford, New 

 Orleans, and Pittsburgh. Through the efforts of local im- 

 provement societies of a great many towns and cities of the 

 country efforts are being made to provide in some way for 

 the proper planting and maintenance of highway trees. 



States. — ^The States that have passed the most advanced 

 laws along' lines of securing the more general adoption of 

 the systeni of the municipal control of street-trees are New 

 Jersey, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. New Jersey has 

 been the pioneer State of the Union in the enactment of a 

 model statute in 1893, to provide for the planting and care 



