10 PEINOIPLES OF VETEKINABT SUEGEBY 



What is understood hy softening of the thrombus ? 



When bacteria invade a thrombus it becomes infected 

 and breaks up into little particles (emboli), which on entering 

 the general circulation cause a general infection of the 

 body (pyaemia). 

 Define artificial arrest of hemorrhage. 



The application of means which encourage coagulation 

 or close the bleeding vessel. 



How do you check hemorrhage ? 



(1) By ligation; (2) compression; (3) torsion; (4) cautery; 

 (5) heat; (6) cold; (7) remedial agents; (8) constitutional 

 treatment. 

 How is hemorrhage arrested hy ligation ? 



It is the only safe means when large arteries or veins 

 are cut. If possible, grasp the bleeding vessel with the 

 artery forceps, draw it out of the wound, isolate it from 

 the surrounding tissue, and with a surgical knot tie both 

 extremities of the vessel. When tying this knot, do not tie 

 the second one too tight, as it loosens the first one. If the 

 bleeding vessel cannot be caught, it may be necessary to 

 cut down onto it, or the less desirable method of carrying 

 a curved needle underneath the vessel and tying it and all the 

 tissues enclosed by the ligature. Avoid tying in a nerve. 

 At times for anatomical reasons the bleeding vessel ought 

 not to be ligated at its cut end, but ligation in continuity , 

 is indicated, as, for instance, injury of the internal carotid 

 requires ligation of the carotid artery, or injury to the inter- 

 osseous artery demands tying of the radial artery. 



What material is used to ligate bleeding vessels 9 

 Aseptic silk or catgut. 



