HEKNIA AND PROLAPSUS 141 



lenta. Seen in Java, producing cysts in tte -walls of the 

 •oesophagus. 



HERNIA AND PROLAPSUS. 



What is a hernia ? 



A protrusion of viscera through normal and abnormal 

 openings in the "walls of the cavity holding it without injury 

 •of the skin or mucous membrane covering it. 



Speaking of a hernia, what is ordinarily meant by it ? 



A protrusion of the abdominal viscera through abnormal 

 openings of the abdominal muscles. 



What other hinds of hernia are spoken of f 



When a muscle protrudes through a rent of the fascia 

 covering it, one speaks of a muscular hernia ; in the same way 

 of hernia of the brain, lungs, etc. 



Jn regard to position, what varieties of hernia are known ? 



Umbilical, inguinal, ventral, scrotal, perineal, dia- 

 phragmatic, femoral, vaginal, pelvic. 



Describe the make-up of a hernia. 



(1) The opening in the abdominal cavity, termed the 

 *' mouth ; " through this protrudes (2) the sac with its (3) 

 contents. 



Describe the sac. 



The sac is the pouch covering the bowel or omentum. 

 That part external to the mouth of the hernia, or the main 

 part of the sac, is termed the body, while the part constricted 

 l)y the mouth is known as the neck. 



