148 PEINCIPLES OF VETEEINAET SUEGERT 



What is the difference between a hernia and a prolapsus ? 



In the hernia, the integuments, as skin or miicotis mem- 

 hranes, are not injured and the protruded viscera are not 

 exposed to the external air, while in the prolapsus the integu- 

 ments are injured and the viscera are in actual contact with 

 the external, air. 



What two terms are often confounded with prolapsus 9 



Inversion and invagination of a hollow organ. 

 What does inversion and invagination respectively mean ? 



In inversion things are turned inside out ; for instance, 

 in inversion of the bladder the organ is turned inside out, 

 ■appearing externally through the urethra but not through a 

 rent of the mucous membrane of the vaginal wall, as is the 

 case in prolapse of the bladder. In invagination, one part of 

 a hollow organ is drawn into another part ; in other words^ 

 the parts become telescoped. 



Name the causes of prolapsus. 



Traumatisms, as penetrating wounds extending into the 

 abdomen or chest, resulting in prolapsus of the bowels or 

 lungs ; lacerations of the vaginal walls, prolapse of the 

 iDladder, paralysis of the penis, prolapse of the penis, relaxa- 

 iion of the broad uterine ligaments, prolapse of the vagina or 

 uterus, constipation and consequent severe straining by the 

 muscles concerned in defecation, prolapsus of the rectum, etc. 



Are all eases of prolapsus pure and simple those of a prolapse? 

 They are not. In many instances it represents a com- 

 hination of prolapse with invagination ; in other instances 

 it is a prolapse with inversion. 



Oive an example of hoth. 



Prolapsus of the rectum is usually a prolapsus of the rec- 



