158 PRINCIPLES OP VETEEINEKY SUEGEEY 



Sometimes symptoms of internal hemorrhage are seen, tha 

 hemorrhage being the result of injury of a large blood vessel 

 by the sharp bony fragments, occurring at times in pelvic 

 fractures (obturator artery). 



What individual symptoms are of specific value in the diag- 

 nosis of fractures ? 

 Epistaxis, nasal dyspnoea and depression of the nasal 

 bones are peculiar to fracture of the nasal bones. Pneumonia, 

 pleurisy and hemoptysis may follow fracture of the ribs. 

 Paralysis of the tongue, difficult deglutition and mastication, 

 as well as loosened teeth are met with in fracture of the 

 hyoid bone, respectively maxillary bone. Fracture of tha 

 cervical vertebrae may give rise to paralysis of the dia- 

 phragm. Fracture of the cranial bones may be followed by 

 paralysis of the brain. 



What points do you take into consideration in the diagnosis 

 of incomplete fractures ? 



A positive diagnosis of these is not always possible, this 

 referring especially to the so-called fissured fracture, quitef 

 commonly seen on the os suffraginis and tibia and less often 

 on the OS corona and vertebral column of the horse. 



The essential features upon which the diagnosis in these 

 cases is based are: sudden intense supporting leg lameness 

 (for detailed descriptions, see my " Clinical Diagnosis of 

 Lameness in the Horse"), with a history of external violence. 

 (This symptom does not hold good in cases of fissured ver- 

 tebrae, where the horse sometimes works for days without 

 showing any loss of function at all.) There is usually volar 

 flexion of the phalanges, but no change in form or abnormal 

 mobility of the parts. In one to two days after the accident 

 there is more or less cedematous infiltration of the overlying 



