210 PEINCIPLES OP TETEKINABY SUKGEEY 



Where does the main point of difference lie in a dislocation 

 and distortion ? 



In the dislocation the separation of the articular ends is 

 permanent and requires artificial aid for its reduction ; in dis- 

 tortion the separation is momentary and the displaced articu- 

 lar ends snap back into place hy their own account. 



Depending on the severity of the sprain, what two forms are 

 recognized ? 



1. Simple : No serious damage to the joint or adjacent 

 tissues. 



2. Complicated : More or less serious injury to the liga- 

 ments, synovial membrane, bone, cartilage and soft tissues 

 surrounding the injured articulation. 



What are the causes of distortions ? 



Anything causing a sudden wrench or twist of a joint, as 

 slipping, getting caught in street rails, stumbling, faulty 

 positions of limbs, faulty shoeing. 



How do faulty positions of limbs produce distortions ? 



It is a well-known clinical fact that horses which toe oufc 

 or toe in often furnish clinical material f or-these cases. These 

 animals have often an awkward gait — that is, they stumble 

 quite readily — as a result of which sprains follow; further- 

 more, the retaining ligaments of their phalangeal articula- 

 tions especially are in a somewhat relaxed state, the articular 

 surface of their joints, by reason of the peculiar position 

 which the bony column exhibits, is irregularly weighted ; that 

 is, one side of the joint bears more of the body weight than 

 its partner, leading to a straining of the ligaments of the 

 other side of such a joint. 



