308 PBmCIPLES OF YETEKINAEY 8UEGEET 



Mammary Gland. 



What congenital malformations of the udder are of practical 

 surgical interest ? 

 In cows, closure of the teat opening, congenital atrophy 

 of one quarter of the udder. Occasionally the mammary 

 gland is entirely wanting. In males, especially the he-goat, 

 a,n excessive development of the mammary gland is sometimes 

 observed. 



Skin. 



What congenital malformations of the shin interest the swr- 

 geon ? 

 Excessive growth of hair, known as hyperthrichosis, is 

 seen upon the manes and tails of horses ; a congenital bald- 

 ness (alopecia) in bovines, goats and horses. In dogs the 

 claws are of interest ; they may be variously curved, termed 

 onychogryphosis, or are imbedded in the skin on the style of 

 the ingrown toe nail of man, which condition is called 

 paronchiaj or they develop to excess, which is termed hyper- 

 onchia. 



Bony Skeleton. 



What congenital defects of the bony skeleton interest the swr- 

 geon ? 

 In the pig especially, and occasionally in the horse, super- 

 numerary phalanges are seen, a condition termed polydactyl- 

 ism. In the pig, the coalescence of both claws into one is not 

 uncommon and is called syndactylism. Sometimes fine or 

 more toes are wanting {perodactylism). 



