13° 



the liver-wort. Irish : cuisle aibheach. Welsh : llysiar afu — afu T 

 the liver. (Names derived from its medicinal effects on the liver.) 

 Irish : duilkog na cruithneachta, the leaf of (many) shapes or 

 forms. Cruth, form, shape, synonymous with Greek " po/ymorpha."" 

 Manx: /us yn aane. 



Peltidea canina — The dog-lichen. Gaelic : /us ghoinnich (from 

 goin, wound ; goineach, agonising) This plant was formerly used 

 for curing distemper and hydrophobia in dogs. The name 

 " gearan, the herb dog's-ear," is given in the dictionaries. Pro- 

 bably this name was applied to this plant, meaning a complaint,, 

 a groan. Welsh : gerain, to squeak, to cry. 



Lecanora— Etymology of this word uncertain (in Celtic, kch 

 or leac, means a stone, a flag). Greek : At 60s. 



L. tartarea — Cudbear. Gaelic and Irish : corcar or corcur, 

 meaning purple, crimson. Latin : purpura. This lichen was 

 extensively used to dye purple and crimson. It is first dried in the 

 sun, then pulverised and steeped, commonly in urine, and the 

 vessel made air-tight. In this state it is suffered to remain for 

 three weeks, when it is fit to be boiled in the yarn which it is to- 

 colour. Formerly, in many Highland districts, the peasants got 

 their living by scraping off this lichen with an iron hoop, and 

 sending it to the Glasgow market. MacCodrum alludes to the 

 value of this and the next lichen in his line — 



" Spreigh air mbintich, 

 Or air chlachan." 

 Cattle on the hills, 

 Gold on the stones. 



Parmelia saxatilis and omphalodes — Stone and heath parmelia. 

 Gaelic and Irish : crotaL These lichens were much used in the 

 Highlands for dyeing a reddish brown colour, prepared like tar- 

 tarea. And so much did the Highlanders believe in the virtues 

 of crota/ that, when they were to start on a journey, they sprinkled 

 it on their hose, as they thought it saved their feet from getting 

 inflamed during the journey. Welsh: cen di), black head, applied 

 to the species Omphalodes. 



Sticta pulmonacea (Pu/monaria of Lightf oot) — Lungwort lichen. 

 Scotch: haze/raw. Gaelic and Irish: crota/ coil/e (" coil/e" of the 

 wood), upon the trunks of trees in shady woods. It was used 



