98 



OEGANOGEAPHY AND" GLOSSOLOGY. 



610. Linaria. 

 Fruit. 



whicli leave the placentas in their places {Walljlower, fig. 647; Chelidonium, fig. 

 546). 



la some syncarpous fruits, the dehiscence is by valvules or teeth, variously 

 placed, which, by diverging or ascending, form openings for the 

 seeds to escape {Primrose, Lychnis, fig. 642 ; Snapdragon, fig. 645 ; 

 Harebell, fig. 544; Poppy, fig. 643). Dehiscence is transverse {d. 

 transversalis) vrhen a compound ovary is halved transversely {Pim- 

 pernel, fig. 537; Henbane, fig. 539; Purslane, fig. 538; Plantain) ; — 

 as also when apocarpous fruits break up transversely into one- 

 seeded segments {Goronilla, Sainfoin, fig. 518). Dehiscence is irre- 

 gular {d. ruptilis) in fruits with resisting septa and dorsal sutures, 

 but uniformly thin walls ; thus, the pericarp of some Linarias (fig. 510) splits into 

 longitudinal ribbons; the fruit of Momordica, Wild Cucumber, &c., rupture thus 

 elastically. 



Classification of Fruits. — Many authors have attempted this ; but their efforts, 

 though resulting in many valuable scientific observations, have sometimes given rise 

 to a very obscure botanical terminology. Linnaeus admitted five sorts of fruit; 

 Gaei-tner, thirteen ; Mirbel, twenty-one ; Desvaux, forty-five ; Richard, twenty-four ; 

 Dumortier, thirty-three ; Lindley, thirty-six. The following classification, adapted 

 from these several authors, appears to us the simplest and easiest of application ; it 

 includes most of the modifications of form observable in the fruits of phsenogamous 

 plants. 



Apocarpous Fruits.— 1. The follicle {folliculus) is dry, dehiscent, many-seeded, 



516. Pea, Fruit. 



and opens by its ventral suture {Caltha, fig. 511 ; LarJcspur, fig. 51 2 ; Peony, fig. 613), 

 or very rarely by the dorsal only {Magnolia). roUicles are rarely solitary, but almost 



