THE FEUIT. 



103 



Sage and other Lahiatw, there really are only two carpellary leaves, opposite to the 

 two lips of the corolla. Such fruits are not collections of achenes, but synearpous, 

 the carpels being united below by the dilated style-base (fig. 409) ; it is a true 

 capsule of two carpels, each of which becomes two-celled, and hence it simulates four 

 distinct carpels. The samara (samara) is a dry, one- to two-seeded fruit, of which 

 the pericarp forms a membranous wing above or round the cell (Maple, Ash, 

 Elm, &c.) ; these, which are often placed among apocarpous fruits, are evidently 

 composed of two united carpels. In the Maple (fig. 560), the two cells are distinct, 

 and the fruit separates, as in Umbellifero!, into two cocci hanging at the top of a 

 filiform axis ; it is therefore a true septicidal capsule, the only opening of the carpels 

 being the narrow slit previously occupied by the axis. In the Ash (fig. 561), the 

 septum is perpendicular to the faces of the ovary, and consequently the two 

 sharp edges answer to the backs of the carpel; after flowering, all the ovules 

 but one are arrested ; the septum is pushed back, one of the cells almost completely 

 disappears, and the other is filled with the seed. 



The fruit of the Mm (fig. 562) is similar ; one of the cells is one-ovuled, the 

 other is empty from the first. The nucule (nucula) is an indehiscent capsule, with a 

 bony or coriaceous pericarp, plurilocular when young, but one-celled and one-seeded 

 by arrest (Oak, fig. 232 ; Filbert, fig. 233 ; Hornbeam, Beech, Chestnut, fig. 563 ; Lime, 

 fig. 564). To the same category belong also the fruits of Fedia (figs. 565, 566) and 

 other ValerianecB, sometimes for convenience, but not accurately, called achenes. — ■ 

 8. The berry (bacca) (whether compound or simple) is succulent, indehiscent, and 

 has no stone ; it differs from the capsule only in its fleshy consistence, which 

 frequently induces the suppression of the septa, and arrest 

 of some of the seeds (Vine). There are some fruits 



062. Elm. 

 Fruit. 



563. Chestnnt. 

 Frnit. 



564. Lime. 

 Fruit. 



665. Fedia. 

 Fruit cut 

 transversely 

 (mag.). 



667. Belladonna. 

 Fruit. 



which may equally be termed a berry or a capsule (Capsicum, Winter Cherry). 

 Among species of the same genus, some are provided with a capsule, others 

 with a berry (Galium, Asperula, Campion, Hypericum). The Trivet, Nightshade, 

 Belladonna (fig. 567), Vine, have a two-celled berry; Asparagus a.-n.dL Lily of the Valley, 

 a three-celled berry ; Herb Paris, a four- to five-celled berry. Among plants with an 

 inferior ovary, the berry of Sambucus is three-celled, that of the Myrtle four- to 

 five-celled ; Ivy, five-celled ; Coffee, two-celled ; Gooseberry, one-celled, with parietal 

 placentas (fig. 501). The hesperidium (hesperidium) is a plurilocular berry, with an 

 aromatic glandular epicarp, a dry and spongy mesocarp, an endocarp covered with 



