LXVT. RHAMNEJi]. 347 



2-3-4 l~2-ovul6d cells. Ovules erect, anatropous. Feuit a drupe or capsule. Embryo 

 large, albumen scanty , —Stem, woody. Leaves simple, 2-stipulate. 



JRhamnus. 

 Flower (mag.). 



Rhamnus. 



Vertical section of flower 



(mag.). 



Bhamnus. 

 Pistil (mag.). 



H. Frangula. 

 Transverse section of a 

 seed witli plane 

 cotyledons (mag.). » 



Buckthorn, (Rhamnus Frangula.) 



Rhamnus. 



Rhamnus. 

 Vertical section of a 

 seed with lateral 

 raphe (mag.). 



R. utilis. 



Section of a seed with 



dorsal raphe and bent 



cotyledons (mag.). 



TeeeSj shrubs^ or undersheubSj branches sometimes spinescent, sometimes 

 climbing by their extremity, -which is bare of leaves [Gouama), Leaves simple, 

 usually alternate, rarely sub-opposite or opposite, entire or toothed, petioled, some- 

 times minute or suppressed (Golletia) ; stipules small or 0, sometimes transformed 

 into thorns. Flowers ? ox unisexual, regular, small, greenish, usually axillary, 

 solitary, or variously fascicled. Calyx 5-fid or -partite, aestivation: valvate. Disk 

 adnate to the calyx, and lining it with a single or double layer, of various form. 

 Petals 4-5, usually inserted at the edge of the disk, aestivation induplicate-valvate, 

 rarely (Colletia, Pomaderris), Stamens 4-5, opposite to and, inserted with the 

 petals ; filaments sometimes adnate to the base of the petals, but not connate ; 

 anthers introrse, dorsifixed, versatile, sometimes ovoid, with longitudinal dehiscence, 

 sometimes reniform and 1-celled by confluence of the cells at the top, and opening 



