OCX. JUGLANDE^. 713 



Inflorescence indefinite, 1-sexual (when the <? are in axillary catkins, and the ? in 

 terminal or axillary spikes), or 2-sexual (when they are in a catkin terminated by 

 the $). Flowees monoecious, $ small: perianth single, adnate to the inner face 

 of a bract, which is 6-lobed, or 2-3-lobed, or obsolete. Stamens 3-36, inserted at 

 the base of the perianth or bract, 2-several-seriate ; filaments very short, free or 

 coherent at the base ; anthers 2-eelled, glabrous or pubescent, dehiscence longitu- 

 dinal, connective usually j^olonged beyond the cells. Ovary rudimentary or 0. — 

 Flowers ? : Brad more'^or less united to the flower, or free. EBCEPTAcrrLAE oupulb 

 (OALTX of authors) more or less adnate to the ovary, 3-qo -toothed at the top, or 

 forming a bracteal involucre. Perianth (corolla?) sometimes with 4 teeth, of 

 which the 2 antero-posterior are exterior in aestivation, the anterior often largest 

 and bracteiform ; sometimes with 2 lateral teeth adnate to the ovary. Ovary 

 inferior, 1-celled, at length imperfectly 2-4-celled at the base and top ; style short ; 

 stigmas usually 2, rarely 4 ; placenta central, very short, bearing an orthotropous 

 erect sessile ovule. Fruit sometimes fleshy or membranous, indehiscent or bursting 

 irregularly or 4-valved ; endocarp free or united to the pericarp, indehiscent or 

 2-3-valved, with cartilaginous septa forming 2-4 imperfect cells at the base and 

 top ; endocarp and septa chambered. Seed exalbuminous ; testa membranous ; 

 endopleura very thin. Embryo fleshy and oily, 2-lobed, cerebriform or cordate at 

 the base ; radicle very short, superior ; plumule often 2-phyllous, usually showing 



the rudiments of small buds; 



GENERA. 

 ''JuD;lans. * Carya. * Pterocarya. Engelhardtia. * Platycarya. 



Juglandecs, whidi only comprise about thirty species, are very near Myricem (wHch see) ; they are 

 also connected with Terehinthacem, through Pistacia, but Te)-ehinthacece differ in their inflorescence; in 

 having petals, a free ovary, and curved ovule. Juglandecg approach CupuUferce and Betularecs in their 

 amentaceous inflorescence, diclinism, apetalism, exalbuminous seed, woody stem, and alternate leaves. 

 They are separated by the structure of the fruit and ovule, the pinnate exstipulate leaves, and the aromatic 

 principle. 



Jtu/lans and Carya are North American, but the moat remarkable species (J. regid), as well as 

 Pterocarya, inhabits the southern provinces of the Caucasus [and Juglans the Himalayas]. Engelhardtia 

 is especially tropical Asiatic, Platycarya Chinese. The common Walnut (J. regia), a native of Persia 

 [and the Himalayas], and introduced into Greece and Italy some centuries before our era, is now culti- 

 vated throughout temperate Europe. Its wood is much sought by cabinet-makers and armourers for 

 gun-stocks. Dyers also obtain a blackish-brown dye from it. All parts of the plant possess a peculiar 

 scent, tolerably pleasant, but giving headache to those who remain long in its shade in hot weather. The 

 pericarp contains a volatile oil (from which a tincture is prepared), associated with tannin and citric and 

 malic acids, whence its use as an astringent, tonic, and stimulant. The leaves possess analogous qualities. 

 The seed is edible ; it contains an agreeable fixed oil, which quickly becomes rancid. The wood of J. 

 nigra is more highly valued than that of J. regia, on account of its violet-black colour. The bark of J. 

 cinerea is used as a purgative in America. The seeds of Carya are edible, except those of C. amara ; but 

 the latter (which is intensely bitter), mixed with oil of camomile, is considered efficacious in obstinate 

 colics. J. cine}'ea yields the Butter-nut ; J. nigra, the Black Walnut ; Carya oUvceformis, the Pekan- 

 nut ; C. alba and nigj-a, the Hickory-nut ; and C. glabra, the Pig-nut — all of North America. Engelhardtia 

 contains an abundance of resinous juices. JB. spicata attains a height of 160 to 2S0 feet, and its trunk 

 becomes so large that three men with arms extended can scarcely touch around it. Its russet-coloured 

 wood, hard and heavy, is used for cart-wheels in Java, and for vases the diameter of which is sometimes 

 enormous. 



