990 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



in it to the absence or presence of albumen, and to nni- or bi-sexuality, and too little to 

 the floral envelopes, fruit, &c. 



In 1835 Elias Fries, Professor of Botany at Upsala, in his ' Corpus Morarum Pro- 

 vincialium Suascica,' proposed a subdivision of De CandoUe's four divisions (Thalamifloral, 

 &c.), upon what approaches to a ternary plan ; each subdivision being characterized by 

 floral characters, and being again divided into others characterized by the ovary being 

 Byncarpous with axile placentation, apocarpous, or syncarpous with central placentation. 

 Monocotyledons and Crjrptogams are each subdivided into four principal branches. This 

 system has been adopted to some extent in Scandinavia. 



Professor Stephan Endlicher, of Vienna, commenced in 1836 his ' Genera Plantarum 

 secundum Ordines Naturales disposita,' a truly great work, brought to a conclusion (ex- 

 clusive of three supplements) in 1850. His arrangement difiers from that of both Jussieu 

 and De Candolle, is less simple, and is burdened with a cumbrous nomenclature. The 

 work is in universal use, and its arrangement much followed in Germany and elsewhere, 

 both because of its intrinsic merits, and of its comprehensiveness, it being the only good 

 and complete account of the genera of plants published since that of A. L. de Jussieu (in 

 ■1774). Endlicher divides plants primarily into two Regions, viz. Thallophyta (Algce, 

 Fungi, &c.), having no definite ax:'s f growth, or opposition of root and stem; and Cormo- 

 phyta, which have such an axis. The following are the outlines of the system : — 



Region I. Thallophyta. 



Section I. Pkotophtta (2 classes, AlgoB and LicTienea). 

 „ II. Htstekophtta (class i^MTOg-i). 



Region II. Coemophtta. 

 Section III. Aceobkya. 



Cohort 1. Anophyta (2 classes, Hepaticce and Musci). 



„ 2. Protophyta (5 classes, Filices, Fquisetacece, Gycadece, &c.). 

 „ 3. Hysterophyta (3 classes, BalanopTiorem, Gytinece, &c.). 

 Section IV. Amphibeya (aU Monocotyledons, 11 classes). 

 „ V. Aceamphibeya. 

 Cohort 1. Gymnospermese (1 class, Goniferce). 

 „ .2. Apetala (6 classes). 



„ 3. Gamopetala (10 classes = Monopetalos of Jussieu). 

 „ 4. Dialypetala (22 classes = Polypetaloe of Jussieu) . 



Endlicher conceived that a series is thus obtained, ascending from the simplest to 

 the most specialized forms, regarding the Leguminosce as the latter. The chief errors 

 in it are the placing CycadecB amongst Acotyledons, far apart from the other Gymno- 

 spermous Orders ; and Balanophorece and Gytinece together, and both amongst the Cryp- 

 togams. 



In 1843 Adolphe Brongniart, Professor of Botany at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, pub- 

 lished his ' Enumeration des Genres des Plantes cultivees an Museum d'Histoire Naturelle 

 de Paris, suivant I'ordre etabli dans I'Ecole de Botanique.' The principal feature of this 

 system, which is given in detail at p. 165, which in other respects closely follows Endlicher' s, 

 is the intercalation of the Incomplete and Diclinous Orders of Jussieu with the Polypetalce 

 (as proposed by Lindley), whereby the series of the latter is much deranged. 



C. P. Meisner (now written Meissner), Professor of Botany at Basle, published in 

 1843 an excellent synoptical disposition of the Orders in his 'Plantarum Vascularum 



