TOTANUS. 



373 



Tringa turdus aquaticus, Brisson, Orn. v. p. 255 (1760). 



Tringa macularia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766). 



Totanus macularius (Linn.), Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 422 (1815). 



Actitis macularius (Linn?), Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979. 



Tringoides macularia (Linn.), Gray, Genera of Birds, iii. p. 574 (1846). 



Tringites macularius (Linn.), Sclater §■ Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 309. 



Tringoides hypoleucos, var. macularius (Linn), Ridgway, Ann. Lye. New York, x. 1874, p. 384. 



Synonymy. 



Plates. — Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 59. fig. 1 ; Audubon, Birds Am. v. pi. 342. 



Habits. — Seebohm, Britisb Birds, iii. p. 122. 



Eggs.— Seebobm, Britisb Birds, pi. 30. figs. 10, 11, 12. 



Literature. 



The Spotted Sandpiper differs from its very close ally the Common Sandpiper 

 (T. hypoleucus) in the particulars already pointed out. 



The Spotted Sandpiper has a very similar range in America to that of the Common 

 Sandpiper in the Old World. In the north it does not quite reach the Arctic Circle, but 

 it breeds throughout the United States of America, migrating southwards in autumn to 

 winter in Mexico, the West Indies, Central America, and the northern portion of the 

 South-American continent. It visits the Bermudas in considerable numbers, some of 

 which remain during the winter (Keid, Zoologist, 1877, p. 478), so that its accidental 

 occurrence in our islands might reasonably be expected. It has been said to have occurred 

 on the continent of Europe ; but the evidence in support of this statement is not very 

 satisfactory, though there cannot be much doubt that it occasionally visits the British 

 Islands. 



Geographi- 

 cal distribu- 

 tion. 



TOTANUS PUGNAX. 



BUFF. 



Totanus axillaribus albis : primariis, secundariis et supracaudalibus centralibus haud albo notatis. Diagnosis. 



No bird is subject to such extraordinary variations of colour as the Ruff, but none of them Variations, 

 appear to have any geographical significance. The parts which vary in colour are first the 

 ruff, second the breast and flanks, and third the ground-colour of the upper parts. The 

 colours which these parts assume may be white, chestnut, or bronzy black. Each of these 



