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the marisma below Jerez de la Frontera, by far the most southern known breeding-place of the 

 species. Colonel Irby says (Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 173) that "it is to be seen throughout the winter 

 near Gibraltar, sometimes in considerable numbers, and occasionally they wander far up the 

 rivers some distance from the sea, especially in the spring." 



At the two seasons of passage it is seen in the valleys of Savoy, and visits Italy in irregular 

 numbers. About Venice it is somewhat abundant, and remains during the greater part of the 

 year ; and Mr. A. B. Brooke says that it is common on the shores of the lagoons in Sardinia in 

 winter. Mr. C. A. "Wright says (Ibis, 1864, p. 148) that in Malta it is common in spring and 

 autumn, arriving earlier in the spring than T. subarquata ; and on its return in autumn it is 

 seen till November. Lord Lilford states that it occurs sparingly in Epirus, and on the islands 

 in winter; and Dr. Kriiper informs me that it is common in Greece on passage. In Southern 

 Germany it occurs on inland waters during passage. Dr. A. Fritsch says that it is met with on 

 the muddy shores of lakes in Bohemia, singly in spring and in larger flocks in the autumn ; and 

 in Transylvania, Messrs. Danford and Harvie-Brown state (Ibis, 1875, p. 422), it is " not common, 

 but to be met with during most years, especially in autumn. Herr Buda Adam has shot several 

 at Rea in spring and autumn." It is common on the coasts of the Black Sea in spring and 

 autumn ; and Professor von Nordmann states that it remains in the Crimea until November, but 

 does not winter there. I have no data respecting its occurrence in Asia Minor; but Canon 

 Tristram obtained it in Palestine, and it is found throughout a large portion of Africa. Von 

 Heuglin says that it is " found in the autumn and winter in families and flocks on the north 

 coast of Egypt, and on the shores of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, and in rather less 

 numbers on the Nile, southwards to Nubia, Sennaar, and Kordofan." On the 15th May he still 

 met with a few stragglers on the Tana lake, in Abyssinia, and in July and August in small 

 flocks at Suez and Sauakin ; and he thinks it possible that a few stragglers are found throughout 

 the summer in North-east Africa. On the north-west side it is also tolerably common in winter 

 and on passage. Canon Tristram found it numerous on the shores of the salt lakes in winter ; 

 Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt-Drake met with it commonly on the shore at Tangier in January, but hardly 

 any remained by the middle of February ; and Favier states {fide Colonel Irby, /. c.) that it 

 " passes to Europe from the Moorish coast during the months of April, May, and June, returning 

 to winter further south in October and November." It is not recorded from South Africa; but 

 Captain Sperling states (Ibis, 1868, p. 292) that it occurs at Mozambique, Zanzibar, and probably 

 on the intermediate coast. It is also found on the Canaries ; and Webb and Berthelot say that 

 it inhabits all these islands, Mr. F. DuCane Godman did not personally observe it there, and 

 says that, though a constant visitor, it is probably not resident. 



To the eastward it is found as far as China and Japan. De Filippi found it numerous at 

 Enzeli, on the Caspian, in the beginning of September ; and Mr. Blanford informs me that he 

 found it common on the coasts of Baluchistan in winter. Dr. Jerdon says of it (B. of India, 

 ii. p. 690): — "A somewhat rare visitant to India, and I have not seen it in the south. It is 

 occasionally brought to the Calcutta market. It is an inhabitant of both continents, breeding 

 in the north." Dr. Severtzoff records it as occurring in Turkestan during passage ; and it was 

 met with in Siberia by the Russian travellers. Von Middendorff says that on the 4th June (O. S.) 

 the present species arrived on the Taimyr river, in 74° N. lat., and on the 24th May on the 



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