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in that country, but is not said to breed in Belgium, where it is common during passage. 

 Messrs. Degland and Gerbe say that in France it is a resident in the southern provinces, and is 

 met with in the spring and autumn in the north, numbers being captured in the month of March 

 between Douai and Cambrai. 



Professor Barboza du Bocage includes it in his list of the birds of Portugal as " common." 

 And in Spain, according to Colonel Irby, it is chiefly migratory in Andalucia, passing north in 

 great abundance towards the middle of April ; but it is frequently seen in winter. He also found 

 it breeding commonly in the marismas of the Guadalquivir. Mr. A. von Homeyer also says 

 (J. f. O. 1862, p. 427) that it is one of the commonest Waders in the Balearic islands. As above 

 stated, it is a resident in the south of France ; and it occurs in Savoy, but, though it cannot breed 

 far distant, it does not appear to remain there. In Italy it is not very numerous, but is said to 

 breed in the Venetian territory. It is numerous in Sicily, and is said by Mr. A. B. Brooke 

 (Ibis, 1873, p. 338) to be extremely common in Sardinia during the winter season. Mr. C. A. 

 Wright speaks of it as being "rather common at Malta in March and April and again in 

 September, and is occasionally observed in the summer and winter months ;" and Lord Lilford 

 states that in Albania it is abundant from October to April, and a few may occasionally be seen 

 at all seasons of the year. Both Von der Miihle and Lindermayer state that it is extremely 

 common in Greece from September to about May, when almost all leave ; but, according to 

 Lindermayer, a few stragglers remain for the summer in the northern provinces of Greece. It 

 certainly breeds in Southern Germany, as Dr. A. Fritsch writes (J. f. O. 1871, p. 389) that about 

 ten years previously he found it breeding numerously near Pardubic, which is no longer the case, 

 but in the spring of 1870 he found about twenty individuals nesting on the Zvolenover lake, 

 near Frauenberg, and adds that he observed them trying to drive away the Crows from their 

 breeding-places, uttering loud cries. It is said to be common on the Danube ; and Von Nord- 

 mann speaks of it as being common in Southern Russia ; but none appear to remain over winter 

 on the north shores of the Black Sea, nor are there many localities in Southern Russia where it 

 breeds. Strickland records it as common in the swampy districts of Asia Minor near Smyrna 

 during the winter ; and Canon Tristram met with it in Palestine. 



In Africa it is found as far south as the Cape of Good Hope, but appears less common on 

 the eastern than on the western side of the continent. Captain Shelley writes (B. of Egypt, 

 p. 255) that it is " rare on the Nile above Cairo, but very abundant in the Delta and the Fayoom, 

 where it is generally to be met with in scattered flocks throughout the more marshy districts." 

 Von Heuglin says that large flocks are met with throughout North-east Africa during the winter ; 

 and he states (Ibis, 1859, p. 347) that immense flocks were observed in August near Massowah, 

 and after that single specimens were seen everywhere on the Danakil and Somali coasts. Messrs. 

 Finsch and Hartlaub, however, do not include it in their work on the ornithology of East Africa. 

 In North-western Africa it is stated by the various authors on Algerian ornithology to be nume- 

 rous ; and Mr. Taczanowski says that it is the commonest Wader in the province of Constantine. 

 Mr. Salvin observed it near Sousa, in Tunis ; and Colonel Irby found it " in some numbers at the 

 lakes of Ras Dowra, in Tangier, towards the end of April, when they were evidently beginning 

 to nest." This latter gentleman also gives the following note from Favier : — " This Redshank is 

 very abundant near Tangier, in small lots which frequent the edges of rivers and lakes and 



