205 



but having the upper parts more uniform hair-brown, washed with grey, the central markings to the 

 feathers being much less distinctly defined ; the feathers on the back and scapulars hair-brown, darker 

 towards the centre, and having lighter edges, none of the feathers having fulvous edgings as in the 

 young plumage; tail dark earthy grey, each featber edged with buffy white, and the centre ones 

 indistinctly barred with a single light bar, not barred as in the male ; throat, neck, and breast light 

 hair-brown, washed with buff, indistinctly striated with darker brown ; lower part of tbe breast and 

 abdomen white; under tail-coverts white, irregularly barred with blackish brown. Total length 17*7 

 inches, wing 8"6, tail 3"3, tarsus 2 - 2, culmen 4"4. 



Young in first autumn. Above brown ; the crown of the head dark brown, with margins of buffy brown, 

 causing a somewhat striped appearance ; fore part of the face brown, with tiny markings of fulvous- 

 brown ; a broad but not very distinct eyebrow and the hind part of the cheeks and ear-coverts dull 

 white, with small and indistinct longitudinal margins of brown, a little plainer on the ear-coverts; 

 hinder part of the neck greyish brown, with indistinct lines of darker brown down the centre of the 

 feather ; back and scapulars glossy dark brown, with broad fulvous edgings to the feathers ; lower part 

 of the back and rump pure white, the feathers of the latter marked with a spot of greyish brown near 

 the tip ; upper tail-coverts as well as the tail white, tinged with buff and barred with blackish brown, 

 the outer web of the external feather irregularly marked with the latter colour ; wing-coverts greyish 

 brown, all of them margined with buffy white, the median coverts more broadly than the lesser, and 

 the greater coverts still more broadly than the median, indeed on the lower median as well as the 

 greater coverts the margins are almost pure white and very broad ; primary coverts dark brown, with 

 a faint purple lustre, the innermost ones rather broadly tipped with white ; quills paler brown, with a 

 faint tinge of purple, the shafts white, and all rather broadly edged and tipped with white, the inner- 

 most secondaries elongated, plainly tinged with buff, and notched on the outer web with buffy white ; 

 chin whitish ; throat and breast pale sandy brown, with the shafts of the feathers darker brown ; lower 

 part of the breast and abdomen white, suffused on the upper part and on the flanks with buffy brown, 

 the belly having the apparent remains of cross bars ; all the sides of the body striped with brown down 

 the centre of each feather ; under tail-coverts white, some of the lateral feathers streaked down the 

 centre with brown ; under wing-coverts white, some of the greater coverts, as well as the primaries, 

 mottled with pale grey on the inner web, the least coverts, along the edge of the wing, spotted with 

 dark brown near the base of the feather; axillary plumes white, irregularly streaked and barred with 

 greyish brown ; bill fleshy brown, black towards the tip and at the base of the upper mandible ; 

 legs dull leaden-grey ; iris blue-black. Total length 136 inches, culmen 2 - 9, wing 8'0, tail 3*1, 

 tarsus 1*9. 



Nestling (Muonioniska, Lapland, 4th of July) . Head and neck covered with soft down, on the fore part of 

 the head greyish white, washed with buff at the edges, with a central dark brown line ; centre of the 

 crown dark sooty brown ; nape and fore part of the back dark sooty grey, lighter towards the sides of 

 the neck, and darker in the centre ; on the back covered with dark brown feathers edged with rufous, 

 and here and there a piece of down still remaining ; lower part of the back and rump covered with 

 long fluffy down, sooty grey in colour, marked with rufous, that on the sides of the rump dirty white ; 

 tail, only just commencing to show itself, dark brown in colour, tipped with rufous ; wing-feathers also 

 only just appearing ; primaries dark brown, the inner ones very broadly tipped with white; secondaries, 

 where showing, dark brown, edged and tipped with rufous, and intermixed with long greyish brown 

 down ; from the base of the bill to the eye a narrow dark brown line ; throat covered with dirty white 

 down ; neck, breast, and underparts generally covered with dirty grey down, darker on the breast and 

 lighter and much longer on the lower part of the abdomen ; on the lower part of the breast and flanks 



