212 



Ptil. Mem. supra omnino cinerascenti-brunnea, ala caudaque ut in ptilosi sestiva coloratis, seel rufo haud 

 notatis : loris et plumis supraocularibus albicantibus : subtus albicans : gutture, pectore superiore et 

 corporis lateribus cinerascentibus. 



Adult Male. Head and neck rich ferruginous-red, the crown and nape striated with black, each feather 

 having a black central line ; feathers on the fore part of the back ferruginous, with a broad black bar 

 near the tip, the feathers on the back and scapulars black, broadly barred with rich ferruginous ; lower 

 part of the back and rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts pure white, forming a conspicuous white patch ; 

 tail black, the centre feathers tipped with grey, the outermost feather on each side having the basal 

 half pure white ; quills dull blackish, with white shafts, the outermost primaries having the basal portion 

 of the inner web white, and the inner primaries white at the base ; secondaries white at the base, having 

 the terminal portion blackish, the median with the inner web only marked with blackish grey ; the 

 elongated secondaries dull greyish-brown, edged with sandy brown, the inner ones blackish, edged 

 with ferruginous, and marked with ferruginous patches along the sides ; wing-coverts dull earthy 

 grey, the larger coverts with broad white tips ; loral space and chin dull grey, washed with rufous ; 

 throat to lower part of the neck and breast rich ferruginous red, the breast being indistinctly barred 

 with black, and the feathers having narrow, hoary tips ; rest of the underparts, from the lower part of 

 the breast downwards, white, irregularly barred with black and rufous ; flanks washed with rich rufous ; 

 under tail-coverts white, barred with blackish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, a narrow line 

 of feathers along the edge of the wing black ; beak blackish brown, orange at the base ; legs blackish ; 

 iris brown. Total length 15 - 8 inches, wing 8 - 0, tail 3 - 6, tarsus 2"8, culmen 3-9. 



Adult Female in summer (Rejkjavik, 26th June). Differs from the male in having the colours on the head 

 and neck much duller ; the back is devoid of the rich ferruginous and black markings, and is dull earthy 

 grey, marked here and there with black and rufous, the scapulars and innermost secondaries are only to 

 a small extent marked with black and ferruginous, as in the male ; the feathers on the breast are duller 

 in colour, and have the black bars only very irregularly defined ; and the rest of the underparts are much 

 whiter and less barred than in the male. In size the female somewhat exceeds the male, as will be 

 seen from the comparative measurements given below. 



Adult Female in winter (Ismidt, Asia Minor, 3rd January). Head, neck, back, and scapulars dark earthy 

 grey, the head and neck being lighter, and the lower part of the back darker, the latter being slightly 

 washed with earthy brown ; rump blackish grey, upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail black, white at the 

 base, and narrowly tipped with white, the outermost feather on each side white from the base to nearly 

 two thirds of its length, the terminal portion being black, the next white at the base ; quills blackish, 

 the feathers having white shafts, the inner primaries white at the base, and the outermost having the 

 inner web white, except towards the terminal portion ; secondaries white at the base, the remainder of 

 the feather being blackish grey; the elongated inner secondaries earthy grey, washed with buff, the 

 inner web edged with pale whitish grey ; chin dirty white ; throat, neck, and fore part of the breast 

 pale earthy grey ; flanks dull earthy grey, lower part of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, 

 and under wing-coverts white, a line of blackish feathers round the edge of the wing ; beak brownish 

 flesh-coloured, blackish towards the tip ; legs dusky black ; iris dark brown. 



Young in first autumn (Volga, August). Head dull brown, the feathers being edged with rufous buff; an 

 indistinct light buff line passing from the base of the bill above and beyond the eye; neck dark buff; 

 back earthy brown, with here and there a dark blackish brown feather, all being edged with dull rufous ; 

 lower part of the back blackish brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail, as in the adult, 



