349 



PAGOPHILA EBUENEA. 



(IVORY GULL.) 



Eathsherr, Fr. Marten, Spitz, oder Groenl. Reise, p. 56, tab. L. fig. a (1675). 



Larus eburneus, Phipps, Voyage towards the North Pole, p. 187 (1774). 



Mouette blanche, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 422 (1781). 



Larus albus, I. C. Schaeffer, Mus. Orn. p. 65, tab. xlii. (1789). 



Gavia eburneus (Phipps), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. 



Pagophila, Kaup (Larus eburneus, Phipps), Natiirl. Syst. p. 69 (1829). 



Gavia nivea, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 766 (1831). 



Cetosparactes eburneus (Phipps), Macg. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 252 (1842). 



Pagophila eburnea (Phipps), G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. iii. p. 655 (1845). 



Larus brachytarsus, Holb. Faun. Green, p. 52 (1846). 



Pagophila eburneus (Phipps), Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 106. 



Pagophila brachytarsus (Holb.), Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 106. 



Pagophila niveus (Br.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 230 (1857). 



Gavia brachytarsa (Holb.), Bp. torn. cit. p. 230 (1857). 



Mouette blanche, French ; Elfenbein-Mewe, Schnee-Mewe, German ; Lismaage, Danish ; 

 Nayauarsuk, Greenlandic ; Hvitmase, Swedish ; Valkea-lokki, Finnish. 



Figura? notabiles. 



D'Aubenton, PI. Enl. 994; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 16; Kjeerb. Orn. Dan. taf. 41 ; 

 Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. taf. 263; Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl. pi. 79. fig. 1; Gould, B. of 

 Eur. pi. 436 ; id. B. of G. Brit. v. pi. 62. 



Ad. niveus immaculatus : iride fusca, marginibus palpebrarum coccineis : rostro ad basin griseo-cano, et flavo 

 apicato : pedibus nigris. 



Juv. albus : fronte, capitis lateribus, mento et gula saturate fumoso-cinereis : tectricibus alarum et secundariis 

 intimis nigricanti notatis, et remigibus cum rectricibus conspicue nigro terminatis. 



Adult (Spitsbergen, summer of 1870) . Entire plumage pure white without any markings ; iris dark hair- 

 brown ; eyelid fleshy and of a brick-red colour ; tip of bill split-pea yellow, merging into French grey 

 on the culmen and base of both mandibles; legs and feet jet-black. Total length about 15 inches, 

 culmen 1*5, wing 12 - 2, tail 5 - 9, tarsus l - 5. 



Young (Egedesminde, N. Greenland). General colour of plumage white, forehead, sides of the head, chin, 

 and upper throat marked with sooty grey, or blackish grey ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries spotted 

 with blackish, and the quills and tail-feathers conspicuously tipped with the same colour. 



In the extreme northern portions of both the Old and the New World the Ivory Gull is tolerably 



