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autumn before it leaves it is not unfrequently seen on the coast. On the coast of Finland it has 

 been known to occur sparingly as far north as Gamla Karleby ; and, according to Nylander, it 

 has been seen on Karlo, off Uleaborg. Palmen gives (Finl. Fogl. ii. pp. 614-616) full details 

 respecting the various occurrences on record, and states that it has been found nesting at 

 Gammelstadsvik, near Wiborg, and near the village of Harkapaa, in Eastern Nyland, in which 

 last-named locality large numbers came to breed in 1870 and 1871. 



According to Mr. SabanaefT it is the commonest of the Gulls and Terns in Central Russia, 

 but does not range very far north. It is found in the south-western portions of the Vologda 

 Government, but is rare in that of St. Petersburg. Meves writes that he met with it only 

 near the town of Novaja Ladoga, and at the southern end of Lake Onega. In the Ural range, 

 Mr. SabanaefT says, it was common in every part he visited. 



Mr. Taczanowski states that it is numerous in Poland, being the only species of Gull that 

 nests there ; for it breeds on the lakes and in several of the marshes in the eastern portion of the 

 Lublin Government and on Lake Goplo. It breeds on many of the inland lakes in North 

 Germany, according to Borggreve, from the extreme end of Prussia and Silesia to Oldenburg ; 

 and Naumann says that inland in Germany it is the commonest species of Gull, and breeds even 

 in Anhalt. According to Mr. Collin it breeds in Denmark in large colonies in many parts of 

 the country, but is only a summer visitant. So large are some of the colonies that at the 

 Sperring So alone about 16,000 eggs and 600 young birds are sold annually. Baron von Droste 

 Hiilshoff says that it nests not uncommonly in East Friesland, and visits the island of Borkum 

 in August, being numerous until November, many or few remaining over the winter according to 

 the season. Mr. H. M. Labouchere informs me that it breeds commonly in Zeeland on the 

 meres, arriving in April and leaving in September. It is said to be very numerous on the coasts 

 of Belgium, and is found on the Meuse and in the larger marshes ; and in France it is to be met 

 with at all seasons of the year, on the coasts in winter and on passage and inland during the 

 nesting-season. Professor Barboza du Bocage speaks of it as being abundant in Portugal ; and in 

 Spain it is said to be common in winter. Vidal says that it used to breed at the Albufera, near 

 Valencia ; but when Mr. Saunders was there he could find no trace of it. Schinz says that it is 

 found throughout the year in Switzerland ; and it is met with in autumn and winter on the coasts 

 of Italy, being common also in Sardinia throughout the year, breeding there in some numbers. 

 In Malta, according to Mr. C. A. Wright, it is by no means so numerous as Larus melanocephalus, 

 with which it associates, and occurs there in winter, but he never obtained it in summer dress. 



It is not uncommon in Southern Germany; and Fritsch says (J. f. O. 1872, p. 374) that it 

 " breeds numerously in Southern Bohemia, the principal breeding-places being the Weisshurk 

 pond, the Blatec pond, near Cejkovic, and the Vlkover pond. At the last-named gullery the 

 birds are protected, and the numbers must be very great, as previously as many as 3000 young 

 birds were annually taken, besides eggs, which now are also not allowed to be taken. A few 

 pairs breed on the rivers not far from Prague, near Branik, Roztok, &c." The late Mr. E. 

 Seidensacher informed me that it is occasionally met with in Styria ; it is not rare in spring in 

 Transylvania ; and I have examined specimens from Turkey in summer plumage. Dr. Kriiper says 

 that it is very common in winter in Greece and Asia Minor, but he is unaware if it breeds there. 



