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and 1868, a few were procured on Borkum in the summer season; and on the coast of South 

 Holland he has often observed it during the summer. According to Baron De Selys Long- 

 champs, it is common on the Belgian coasts in autumn. M. Hollandre has only observed one 

 example on the Moselle. Degland and Gerbe write that it visits the sea-coasts of France, and 

 occurs on the coast of Dunquerque in May, August, October, and November, and even breeds in 

 the south of France, where, however, it is recorded by Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye 

 merely as observed during the winter months. Professor Barboza du Bocage includes it in his 

 list of the Birds of Portugal ; and it is likewise found on the coast of Spain. Major Irby writes 

 to us that it " occurs in the Straits and around Gibraltar in winter in great abundance, leaving 

 for the north in the middle of April ; but some immature birds remain there throughout the 

 summer." It probably occurs during the winter season all along the Mediterranean coast, 

 though nowhere common. On the coast of Savoy its appearances are, according to Bailly, very 

 irregular, and it is only seen in the autumn or winter. Count Salvadori records it from Sardinia, 

 and writes that there are two young birds in the Museum at Cagliari ; and, according to Cara, it 

 is not rare in the autumn. Mr. C. A. Wright states that in Malta it is " rather rare. Mr. W. 

 C. P. Medlycott shot one in the winter of 1858. I saw several at different times in the winter 

 of 1859-60, and in May 1861 and 1862. In May 1863 two fine examples appeared daily for 

 upwards of a week in the Marsamuscetto Harbour, in company with several Herring-Gulls ; 

 and one of them was shot by Lieut. Sperling, R.N., of H.M.S. ' Icarus.'" Lord Lilford met with 

 it in the Ionian Islands, where it occurs occasionally in immature dress, but is very rare in adult 

 plumage. Lindermayer refers to it as one of the rarest Gulls that visit Greece, but he considers 

 that it breeds in the lagoons of the northern part of that country. As regards its occurrence in 

 South-eastern Germany, Baron von Tschusi-Schmidhofen writes that " it often occurs in Bohemia, 

 but always singly. In Upper Austria it has been often killed in severe winters ; and in the 

 Vienna Museum there are specimens from many parts of the Empire. In Siebenburgen it is 

 occasionally to be observed on the large rivers." Messrs. Elwes and Buckley saw it several times 

 on the Black Sea, where, however, it is, they state, not very numerous ; but, according to Von 

 Nordmann, it is common in Southern Russia, where it abounds in the interior, frequenting the 

 slaughter-houses, and, together with Larus canus and dogs, feeding on the refuse. 



It visits Asia Minor in the winter ; and Canon Tristram met with it numerously on the coast 

 of Palestine at that season of the year, and also saw it on the Lake of Galilee. In North-east 

 Africa, according to Captain Shelley, " this Gull ranges up the Nile into Nubia, where I frequently 

 saw it in small flocks, generally towards sunset, passing northward in April. On the 24th of that 

 month, near Erment, I shot a specimen out of a small flock, apparently the same that I had seen 

 on several consecutive evenings during our return journey down the river." Finsch and Hartlaub 

 say that it " appears to be sedentary in the south, and is found in all the Nile country, especially 

 in Egypt, extending to the Blue and White Nile." Von Heuglin observed it throughout the 

 year on the Eed Sea, and sedentary in the Gulf of Aden ; and Dr. A. Leith Adams observed it 

 on the Nile, near the Second Cataract, where, however, it was by no means as frequent as in the 

 upper country. Along the entire coast of Northern Africa this Gull may be met with in the 

 winter season ; and according to Canon Tristram it is numerous in the harbours during windy or 

 stormy weather. Mr. F. DuCane Godman includes it in his list of the birds of Madeira and the 



