448 



Ad. ptil. ast. capite, collo, corpora subtiis, cauda et supracaudalibus albis : stragulo toto saturate cano, seapu- 

 laribus albo apicatis : remigibus cseruleo-canis nigro conspicue terminatis, singulis vix albo apicatis : 

 remige externo in pogonio externo nigro : rostro flavo, os intiis et marginibus palpebrarum rubris : 

 iride fusca : pedibus olivaeeo-nigris. 



Ad. ptil. Mem. prsecedenti similis, sed vertice, occipite et colli lateribus griseo-canis. 



Juv. macula anteoculari et vitta magna auriculari nigricanti-cinereis, collo postico et colli lateribus nigris : 

 tectricibus alarum minoribus, scapularibus et secundariis singulis conspicue nigro variegatis : remigibus 

 4 primariis nigris in pogonio interno griseo-albo marginatis, reliquis sicut in adulto picturatis : cauda 

 et supracaudalibus albis, ilia conspicue nigro terminata : capite et collo reliquis et corpore subtiis albis : 

 rostro et pedibus nigricantibus : iride fusca,. 



Adult in summer (Greenland). Head, neck, tail, upper tail-coverts, and entire underparts pure white; 

 entire mantle dark French-grey or gull-blue, some of the scapulars and inner secondaries tipped with 

 white ; quills gull-blue, broadly tipped with black, some with a slight white apical tip, the first quill 

 with the outer web black ; beak yellow, slightly tinged with orange, red at the gape ; iris brown, the 

 edges of the eyelids red. Total length about 16 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 11*2, tail 5"2, tarsus T25. 



Adult in winter. Resembles the adult in summer ; but the nape, hind neck, and sides of the neck are washed 



with grey. 



Young in late summer (Havre). A blackish grey mark before the eye and a larger patch on the ear-coverts : 

 hind neck blackish, this colour coming round so as to form a partial collar; lesser wing-coverts, 

 scapulars, and shoulder richly variegated with black ; first four quills black, broadly margined on the 

 inner web with greyish white, the rest nearly as in the adult ; rump and tail white, the latter broadly 

 tipped with black ; underparts white ; bill blackish ; legs greenish black ; iris brown. 



Young in down. Covered with tolerably close down ; the underparts white, the back and upper part of the 

 body generally greyish ; thighs tinged with grey ; bill blackish blue, paler towards the tip, with the 

 oval protuberance white ; feet pale lead-blue. 



Young first winter. Resembles the young above described ; but there is less black on the hind neck, and the 

 hind crown and nape are washed with bluish grey. 



The present species is very numerous in the northern portions of both the Old and New World, 

 ranging southward in the winter ; but it is very rare in the Mediterranean, and only extends 

 down into the middle States of North America during the winter. 



In Great Britain it is very generally distributed, and is found off our coasts at all seasons of 

 the year. It is stated to have bred in Dorsetshire ; but Mr. A. G. More says that this statement 

 requires confirmation. According to Mr. Rodd it breeds occasionally in Cornwall; and the 

 Eev. Murray A. Mathew writes to me as follows : — " Next to the Herring-Gull the Kittiwake 

 is the commonest Gull in the south-western counties, and is equally numerous at all times of the 

 year. There is a large breeding-station at Lundy Island, also on some of the granitic cliffs near 

 the Land's End, and at various other places on the southern coasts, the Cob Eock, off Berry 

 Head, affording a home to a small colony, as Lord Lilford has informed me. Great numbers of 

 Gulls follow the shoals of sprats into the muddy bays of the Bristol Channel in the winter 



