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year ; and it is especially plentiful from October to Christmas, when examples in the sombre 

 winter plumage form a part of the spoils of the punt-gunner returning up the ' becks ' which 

 intersect the marshes of the Tees ; and now and then in September a handsome ' Red-throat ' is 

 shot which has not doffed its breeding-plumage, and is an acceptable prize to any local collector. 

 On the 15th May, 1867, I received a fine example in full summer dress from Sunderland, where 

 it had been found dead on the water." 



In Scotland it is common at all seasons of the year, and breeds in some numbers in the 

 northern portions of the country. Mr. Robert Gray states that it breeds in many of the islands 

 in freshwater lakes in the west of Scotland, and is permanently resident throughout the Hebrides ; 

 and Dr. Saxby writes that it is resident in the Shetland Isles, but is not very numerous during the 

 breeding-season. Thompson says that it is a regular winter visitant to the coasts of Ireland, where 

 it remains from five to six months of the year. 



Professor Newton says that it is found on the east coast of Greenland, and breeds in both 

 Inspectorates, as also on the western coast of Davis Straits. It breeds not uncommonly in 

 Iceland, as also in the Faeroes, but is said to be rapidly diminishing in the latter islands owing 

 to so many being destroyed during the nesting-season. It arrives about the middle of March, 

 and leaves late in September. Throughout Scandinavia it is common. In the interior of 

 Southern Norway it prefers the subalpine region to the lowlands, and breeds there commonly, 

 though it is not so numerous as the Black-throated Diver. On the sheets of fresh water in the 

 western and northern districts it is very common, especially on the islands within the arctic 

 circle up to the Russian frontier. In the winter and on passage it is common at fresh water and 

 on the fiords in the southern and western districts. Nilsson says that it is generally distributed 

 throughout Sweden, and breeds from Smaland up to Lapland, being almost everywhere common ; 

 and it occurs throughout Finland, both on the coast and in the interior on the lakes, and I found 

 it very common during the breeding-season in the northern portion of the country. So far as I 

 know they never remain during the winter, as all the lakes as well as the sea are frozen over. 

 In Russia it is very common in the northern portion of the Archangel Government; but 

 Mr. Sabanaeff informs me that it is less common than the Black-throated Diver in Central 

 Russia and the Ural. Northward it is found up to Spitzbergen ; and Professor Newton writes 

 (Ibis, 1865, p. 517):—" Breeds as far as the Seven Islands, lat. 80° 45' N. Eggs from the Depot 

 Holm and other places have been obtained by the Swedes. A young bird was found by our 

 party on one of the Thousand Islands; and I saw a pair of old ones on Russo, which had 

 evidently a nest not far off. Thus it would seem pretty generally, though sparingly, distributed 

 throughout the whole country. The Red-throated Diver probably feeds its young, according to 

 Dr. Malmgren, on a species of Apus, which he found in plenty in freshwater pools on the Stor 

 fjord." It also breeds quite numerously on Novaya Zemlya; and Mr. Collett informs me that in 

 May 1875 a friend of his, Mr. Klerk, who was then in South Varanger, saw on the same day- 

 fifteen large and small flocks passing onward in a northerly and north-easterly direction, probably 

 making for Spitzbergen or Novaya Zemlya. On the German coast of the Baltic the present 

 species is common enough in winter, but is very rarely met with on inland waters ; and Mr. A. 

 Benzon informs me that it is numerous on the coast of Denmark during the whole of the winter, 

 often remaining until quite late in the spring. Off the shores of the North Sea it is of very 



