624 



frequent occurrence during the cold season, and is common on the Dutch coast. It also occurs 

 in winter on the coasts of Belgium and France, but is stated to be always in winter or immature 

 dress, never with a red throat. It is very rarely seen on inland waters, and is, on the whole, not 

 of common occurrence. Mr. Adrien Lacroix says that he knows of only one instance of its capture 

 in the Hautes Pyrenees, but that it occurs annually on passage in the Pyrenees Orientales. In 

 Southern France it is exceedingly rare. According to Professor Barboza du Bocage it is found 

 in Portugal in winter, but is rare ; and Colonel Irby obtained it in the Straits of Gibraltar ; 

 Mr. Saunders saw many between Gibraltar and Cadiz ; and Count Salvadori says that it is rare in 

 Italy, where it only occurs in winter, immature birds being usually met with ; but Mr. A. B. 

 Brooke states that it is not uncommon in Sardinia. Mr. C. A. Wright says (Ibis, 1864, p. 156), 

 " Schembri states that he saw one in 1839 and another in 1841 ; and I am informed by Dr. Gulia 

 that M. Barthelemy, of Marseilles, shot four specimens (young birds) in Gozo in the winter of 

 1858-59." 



It is found in Southern Germany; and Dr. A. Fritsch says (J. f. O. 1872, p. 377) that in 

 Bohemia, "according to Fierlinger, it bred in 1842 and 1850 on the ponds near Pardubic, which 

 might have occurred also in other seasons, as M. Hromadko received an old male with a red 

 throat, which was shot on the 27th April, 1843, and another bird in May 1859, at Ceperka 

 pond." Young birds are met with on passage in many parts of Southern Germany ; and Messrs. 

 Danford and Harvie-Brown record the occurrence of immature birds in Transylvania, where, 

 however, the present species is rare. Off the coast of Turkey and Greece it is only known as a 

 somewhat rare winter straggler ; and Lord Lilford says the same as regards its presence on the 

 coasts of Epirus. In Southern Russia both immature and adult birds of this species are of not 

 uncommon occurrence from November to April. I have no data respecting its occurrence off the 

 coast of Asia Minor — where it is probably met with occasionally during the cold season ; for it 

 appears to range as far south as the North-African coast, as Von Heuglin states that on several 

 occasions he has seen immature birds of the present species in the lagoons of Lower Egypt. 



To the eastward the present species is met with as far as the Pacific coast, and thence right 

 across the American continent. 



Von Middendorff says that it is common on the Boganida and the Taimyr ; Von Schrenck 

 only once saw it on the Amoor, on the 30th May, near the Kutomauda Post; and Dr. Radde, 

 who says that it is distributed throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka, adds that it also occurs on 

 the Lower Amoor and on the coast of the Amoor country. Mr. Svvinhoe says that it visits the 

 coast of China during the winter, and is the only species of Diver he observed in Formosa ; and 

 Mr. Whitely obtained it in Japan. On the American continent it is common in the nortb : 

 Mr. Bannister found it numerous at St. Michael's, in Alaska ; and Mr. Dall says that it is common 

 at the mouth of the Yukon. Mr. Brown met with it in Vancouver's Island ; and it is found on 

 the coast of California. It is said to be numerous in the Hudson's-Bay territory ; Mr. Bernard 

 Ross records it from the Mackenzie river ; and my brother has found it breeding on Lake Nipigon. 

 In the winter season, and on passage, I frequently observed it off the coast of New Brunswick ; 

 and it is stated to range as far south as Maryland, on the east coast of the American continent. 



Water seems to be the element where this species and its allies are most at home; for 

 on land it is extremely awkward, and moves along with difficulty and in a most clumsy manner ; 



