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Mr. Scott B. Wilson also states (Ibis, 1887, p. 133) that he " found several nests of this 

 bird in the Jura (3070 feet) in May, some with eggs, and several with young killed by the snow. 

 On the Engstlen Alp, up to the limit of tree-growth (6100 feet) we obtained some fine specimens 

 in June, and we subsequently shot a young bird on the Gemmi on July 5th. The Ring-Ousel 

 passes the summer in the high forests, and comes out towards evening from the forests to search 

 for worms among the Alpine pastures. It arrives at the end of March and departs late in 

 September." 



According to Count Salvadori (Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, May 1893) it "is found in 

 Italy on the mountains during the breeding-season, and partly migrates in autumn, at which 

 season it is found on the plains together with Memla torquata, which arrives then from the 

 north. It is probable that to this species must be referred the specimens which during migra- 

 tion occur even in Sicily, and especially on the island of Ustica (Voderlein). It appears that 

 Merula alpestris breeds throughout the chain of the Alps. In Piedmont it nests most certainly 

 in the Orsera Valley above Viu, whence came some young birds which I saw in Viu in 

 August 1877 ; also, as I said before, I met with young birds in August at Monbarone, above the 

 Serra d'lvrea. Early in September I have seen them in the Valley of Graine (Valle di 

 Challand o d'Ayas), and in the Valle della Cinischia near Mont Cenis, and no doubt to this 

 species must be referred the birds which Abre (fide Giglioli) says breed in the mountains of the 

 province of Cuneo, and which Bazzetta, Guarinoni, Bernascone and Galli Valerio say nest 

 at Ossola, the Valsesia, and the Valtellina, as also those which according to Bettoni breed in 

 various localities in the Alps of Lombardy, and which are resident and breed in the Alps of 

 the Tyrol, Venetia, and Friuli (Bonomi, Ninni, Pellegrini, Molari, Fissi, Delaito, Vallon). 

 Moreover, the Alpine King-Ousel is resident and breeds also in the Apennines, at least in 

 Tuscany. Savi says that some pairs remain to breed, and makes mention of one which he found 

 in Mugello in August 1822, at which place Mr. Roster obtained a pair in June 1879 (Giglioli), 

 and Fiorini states that it is resident on the mountains of Casentino (Giglioli). It appears 

 that it also breeds on the mountains of Modena, as was stated to Doderlein, and it is not 

 improbable that such is the case. In conclusion we have the Alpine Ring-Ousel in Italy 

 breeding on the mountains and partially migratory, and we have the northern M. torquata, 

 not breeding here, but wintering, arriving in the autumn and remaining till the end of March." 



Mr. Whitehead saw a Ring-Ousel in Corsica on the 12th March, which in all probability 

 was the present species. 



In Silesia, Galicia, and in the mountains of Southern Germany, the Alpine Ring-Ousel is 

 fairly common, and it is doubtless this form which Seidensacher found breeding in the Bacher 

 Mountains in Styria. Count C. Wodzicki records it as common in the Carpathians and in 

 Transylvania. Messrs. Danford and Harvie-Brown write (Ibis, 1875, p. 304) that they found it 

 " common everywhere, and to some extent migratory. Herr Buda Adam says that it nests 

 among the pines, and he has never found them breeding in the low country. We saw them in 

 the oak-woods at Sztana, near Klausenburg, on the 10th June." In a letter written from 

 Hatszeg, Hungary, just received, Mr. Danford writes : — " I have just come down from the 

 mountains and the Ring-Ousels are still (16th October) there feeding among the juniper- 

 bushes above the pine-woods. They come to the low country in the early spring and soon 



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