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According to Dr. Radde it passes the summer at considerable altitudes in the mountains up to 

 7000 feet, descending in winter to the lower and warmer districts. In the summer it frequents 

 the clear rocky mountain-streams, sometimes in the wooded districts, sometimes in the bare 

 treeless districts ; during the winter it inhabits the larger brooks, and remains about the 

 lower portions of the mountains, and at that season it is even found near Tiflis. In the Trans- 

 caspian district Dr. Eadde observed Dippers, which probably belonged to this species, on the 

 Attrek on the route to North Khorassan, close to the small town of Kotschan. It is found in 

 Persia; and Mr. W. T. Blanford states (E. Pers. ii. p. 213) that "Dippers abound in the 

 Elburz Mountains upon all the streams. On the southern side of the range they are not found, 

 so far as I am aware, far outside the base of the range, at about 5000 to 6000 feet, but they 

 descend much lower towards the Caspian, and may probably be found as far down as the streams 

 are sufficiently rapid to afford a suitable habitat. I regret that I have no skins from the low 

 country in Ghilan or Mazandaran for comparison with those from the mountains. Dippers were 

 noticed by De Filippi in the same localities as by myself, and by Menetries on the Talish Mountains. 

 In Southern Persia I did not myself meet with any species oiOinclus; but one was seen by 

 Major St. John at Dashtiajan, near Shiraz. As he was unable to procure a specimen the species 

 remains undetermined, but it may very possibly prove identical with the Elburz form." 



I have examined specimens from Persia, Cashmere, and Sikkim, and, according to Mr. Oates 

 (Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. p. 16o), its range extends in the Himalayas from Gilgit to Sikkim from 

 9000 to 14,000 feet altitude, or even higher according to season. Dr. Stoliczka states (2nd Yarkand 

 Miss. p. 96) that he observed this species at Zingral at an altitude of about 15,-500 feet, on the 

 road to the Chang-la. Col. Biddulph also obtained specimens in streams under and on both sides 

 of the same pass. Dr. Henderson writes : — " Several specimens of this AVhite-breasted Dipper 

 were procured and numbers seen, not in Kashmir, but in Eastern Ladak, in the stream which 

 runs from Chagra into the Pangong Lake. It appears to be a permanent resident here, as it was 

 noticed and shot in this locality both on going and coming. A nestling obtained on the 14th of 

 July could not long have left the nest, and old birds were seen on this stream on the 8 th of 

 October, at an elevation of 15,000 feet, where, except quite at its centre, it was a mass of solid 

 ice." Dr. Lansdell met with this species at Tischkim on the 1st November, 1888. 



To the eastward the present species has been recorded from various localities as far as China. 

 The brothers Grum-Grzimailo obtained it at Pjan-do-go in the Njan-schan ; and I have examined 

 specimens collected by Col. Prjevalsky at Kan-su, which are referable to the present species, and 

 this explorer states that he met with it in Ganssu and Northern Thibet; and oa his third journey 

 he found it in January 1880 in the central part of the Naidshin-gol on the range dividing North 

 Thibet and Zaidam, where a few were wintering. It is common in the upper part of the 

 Chuanche and in Ganssu. In 1884 Prjevalsky observed it again in Ganssu in the mountains 

 bordering Alaschan, and in the northern and southern Sette range. It was numerous at the 

 village of Bamba, and in the southern part of the Kuku-Nor mountain-range. A few were found 

 breeding on the northern slope of the Burchan-Budda mountain-range, as also in the mountains 

 of the Dytschu (Blue River). Respecting its habits, &c, he writes as follows: — "On the shores 

 of the clear mountain-brooks of Kan-su it is found from the lowest plains up to the alpine 



