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its northern range coincides as nearly as possible with, that of the oak, it being found up to 

 60-61° N. lat. It breeds at Gefle, and in the southern portion of Dalecarlia and Wermland. 

 Von Wright says that it occurs only in south-western Finland, where, especially near Abo, it is 

 veiy common, as well as between that town and Nystad. Near Helsingfors it is seen both in 

 the spring and autumn, and occurs now and then as far up as Kuopio. He shot oue at 

 Haminanlaks in November, when it was full winter ; but it usually arrives early in the spring, 

 leaving in the autumn. Mr. Sabanaeff informs me that it is occasionally found breeding in 

 the Romanoff, Jaroslaf, and Moscow Governments, and is common in those of Smolensk and 

 Vladimir ; and Bogdanoff says that in Kazan it is more numerous than Columba palumbus. On 

 the eastern slope of the Ural it was found by Sabanaeff commonly up to 56^° N. lat., but he did 

 not meet with it near Ekaterinburg. It is found in the Baltic provinces and throughout North 

 Germany, where, Borggreve says, it frequents only the non-evergreen woods. Naumann states that 

 it is rare in no part of Germany, and in some districts very common. It is there a migrant, and 

 only during mild winters does an odd straggler remain over the winter. Mr. Benzon informs me 

 that in Denmark it is found during the summer in all almost all the large woods, especially beech- 

 and oak-woods where there are hollow trees, but it is nowhere numerous. Sometimes, however, 

 it is very numerous on passage, especially during the spring migration. Baron von Droste 

 Hiilshoff says that it is rare on the island of Borkum, where it occurs on passage. In Holland 

 and Belgium it is rare ; and in the latter country, Baron de Selys Longchamps says, it is usually 

 seen on passage early in November and in March, but is sometimes found nesting in the larger 

 woods. Throughout France it is tolerably generally distributed, and breeds in the northern 

 districts, numbers arriving in the southern districts in the autumn, and remaining over the winter. 

 Professor Barboza du Bocage records it as being common in Portugal ; but Colonel Irby says 

 (Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 133) that he only once observed it in Spain, near Gibraltar, in the spring. 

 Bailly says that it is less numerous in Savoy than the Ring-Dove, and- is most frequently seen 

 singly or in pairs. It is usually seen from the 5th or the 12th October to the 10th November, 

 most frequently during heavy gales from the north. It passes through Italy also in consider- 

 able numbers in the autumn, but is less common on the spring migration. It is said to breed, 

 though very rarely, in Lombardy. Mr. C. A. Wright says (Ibis, 1864, p. 137) that it occurs in 

 Malta in the spring and autumn, but does not breed in the island. In Southern Germany it is 

 tolerably common and generally distributed. Dr. Fritsch states (J. f. O. 1871, p. 311) that it is 

 common in Bohemia, in the woods where there are plenty of hollow trees. It does not occur in 

 the vicinity of Prague, and is seldom brought into the market of that town. Mr. Seidensacher 

 observed it during the nesting-season at Sallach ; and in the autumn it occurs in Styria in large 

 flocks. It occurs in the countries skirting the Danube, and is numerous in Transylvania during 

 the summer season. Dr. Kriiper says that it is found in Greece on passage, but is not very 

 common, and has not been known to breed there. Colonel Drummond-Hay states that numbers 

 winter in Macedonia, but it is only met with singly in Corfu ; and Lord Lilford writes (Ibis T 

 1860, p. 236), "Common about the shores of the Gulf of Arta in March 1857. I have seen 

 single birds at all seasons of the year near Butrinto and Kataito, and once or twice in the 

 island of Corfu." In Southern Russia, Mr. Goebel says, it is very common in the autumn, but 

 rather scarce in the spring, arriving, however, very early from the south ; and Professor von 



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