271 



Karelen), and adds that Malmberg heard it in Tuusniemi and Nilsia in 1871 and 1872, and 

 M. von Wright heard its note on the 11th July at Haukipudas kapell, in 65° 10' N. lat. 



In Russia it appears to range further north than in Western Europe. Messrs. Alston and 

 Harvie-Brown, who met with it near Archangel, write (Ibis, 1873, p. 67) as follows: — "The 

 peculiar ' whuit, whuit ' of the Spotted Crake first attracted our attention as our canal-boat crept 

 slowly through the great marshes between Wosnesenskoi and Wuitegra. We afterwards pro- 

 cured both old and young in down at Waldushki ; and at many other localities this curious cry 

 sounded in the still nights, and was taken up and replied to on every side. This must be a very 

 abundant species, especially in the great marshes above mentioned." Mr. Meves obtained the 

 eggs of this species at Archangel. Mr. Sabanaeff informs me that it is common throughout the 

 interior of Russia. It is common in the St. Petersburg Government ; and Mejakoff says that it 

 is also found in Vologda. In the Ural, Sabanaeff only observed it in the southern portions of 

 the Perm Government, on the eastern slope, and he does not believe that it has been seen higher 

 than Ekaterinburg on the western side ; Teplouhoff met with it in 58J° N. lat. 



According to Mr. Taczanowski it is common throughout Poland, where it arrives early in 

 April, and remains until the end of October. According to Naumann the Spotted Crake is found 

 generally throughout Germany, but more especially in low swampy localities, where it is common. 

 In Anhalt and the adjacent provinces it is the commonest of the Crakes, and much more 

 numerous than the Water-Rail and the Water-Hen. It arrives about the middle of April, and 

 commences its migration southward again late in August, a few stragglers remaining until the 

 early part of October. Borggreve says that it occurs generally in the summer throughout North 

 Germany, but is commoner in the eastern than in the western portions. 



Mr. Collin writes (Skand. Fugl. p. 553) that this species breeds here and there not unfre- 

 quently in the Danish provinces, as, for instance, at Aarhus, several localities in Vendsyssel, as, 

 for instance, Dronninglund and Gaardbo so, at Thisted, Ribe, Gedsorgaard, Soro and Herlufs- 

 holm, Helsingor, Moorso and Schwentine, on the west coast of Schleswig, at Flensborg, Ostrup- 

 gaard, and it is occasionally seen on Bornholm. According to Mr. Cordeaux (Ibis, 1875, p. 186), 

 it occurs on Heligoland in May and September : not half a score are observed in a year ; but 

 three fourths of these are met with in May. In Holland it is common, arriving in April, 

 remaining to breed, and leaving again in September and October ; and Baron Fallon says that it 

 is not rare in Belgium, where it is found in the marshes of Limbourg, in Campine, occasionally 

 along the Meuse and on the edges of the large marshes, arriving and leaving about the same 

 time as it does in Holland. Messrs. Degland and Gerbe state that it is not uncommon in France 

 during the summer season, and is said by M. Bouteille to breed very numerously in the marshes 

 of Saint-Laurent du Pont, near Grenoble. M. Adrien Lacroix says that it winters in the French 

 Pyrenees, arriving late in August or early in September ; a few breed rarely in Herault, Tarn-et- 

 Garonne, and the Pyrenees orientales, and it is to some extent resident in Aude. It is stated by 

 Professor Barboza du Bocage to be common in Portugal ; and in Spain it is, according to 

 Mr. Howard Saunders, abundant in the winter. He adds that he has no proof of its remaining 

 to breed. Colonel Irby, however, states that it is extremely abundant in Southern Spain, more 

 so than the Water-Rail, and is most frequent in spring and autumn. " Many remain," he says, 

 " during the winter months ; and they occur also sometimes in the breeding-season ; so, although 



