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high in the air, forming a compact phalanx of the shape of an inverted Y (^) ; they generally 

 hetray their presence by loud and discordant screams. With Savi, 1 believe it not unlikely that a 

 few pass the winter in the Tuscan Maremma and Pontine marshes." In the Ionian Islands, Lord 

 Lilford writes, it is " often to be heard and seen, passing over Corfu at a great elevation in the 

 months of March and October. The only spot in these parts in which I have seen this species on 

 the ground was on the Greek frontier, opposite Prevesa, where I fell in with a troop of several 

 hundreds in March 1857. I saw a freshly killed specimen in a ditch near Corfu on the 2nd of 

 April 1857." Lindermayer also states that "during the equinoctial gales a few appear in 

 Greece, remain on the mainland a short time to rest, and then migrate northwards." It has 

 not been found breeding there ; and Lindermayer states that he has never observed it in the 

 autumn. In Austria the Eitter von Tschusi Schmidhofen records it as rare during passage : 

 and Dr. O. Finsch states that it breeds on the islands in the Danube ; but I never heard of its 

 breeding there. Messrs. Elwes and Buckley " found the Crane tolerably numerous in some 

 of the marshes in Turkey, and were told they breed in Macedonia, which seems very likely, as 

 the ground was of almost exactly the same nature as the places where they breed in Lapland, 

 and the Crane has been found breeding in Spain quite as far south as this. We found Crane- 

 steak capital eating when well cooked, though not quite so ' gamy ' as Bustard, which is a first- 

 rate bird for the table." It is met with in Southern Russian during passage ; and Mr. Goebel 

 writes that it passes through Uman late in March and early in April, and again late in August 

 and early in September ; and he further states that it breeds on the Krasnostaw and Sokolowschen 

 marshes. According to Von Nordmann many breed in Podolia, Volhynia, and Bessarabia, but in 

 the Government of New Russia proper it is replaced by G. virgo. In Asia Minor the Crane 

 passes in March, and again in October and November. Mr. von Gonzenbach, who gives a long 

 list of the dates when they pass near Smyrna, further states that they do not all pass on to 

 Africa, as he has seen two which were shot near Volo early in January 1861. Dr. Tristram 

 met with it in Palestine, where, he states, " it was the only species of Crane we observed, and 

 that only in winter. At Moladah, about thirty miles west of the south end of the Dead Sea, we 

 chanced to camp close to a roosting-place of Cranes. Hard work and, I hope, a good conscience 

 made us sound sleepers; else the din of the Cranes might have aroused an Ephesian. Towards 

 sunset these enormous birds began to return homewards, flying in order, like Geese, with out- 

 stretched necks, keeping up a ceaseless trumpeting ; but, unlike Rooks, they were not all- early 

 to bed, for fresh arrivals seemed to pour in for several hours, and the trumpeting continued till 

 morning, with only an occasional lull. The howl of some wandering Jackal would rouse the 

 whole camp ; then, after a slight pause, the wail of an Hyaena evoked a deafening chorus ; and 

 before daylight began an angry discussion, perhaps on the next day's journey. Parties of some 

 hundreds departed for the south with the dawn ; others remained, probably to make up for their 

 broken slumbers, till the sun had risen for a couple of hours. The roosting-place was a group 

 of hillocks covering several acres, and was covered with the mutings of the birds as thickly as 

 the resort of any sea-fowl. It has evidently been occupied for years, 1 have no reason to think 

 that the Crane ever breeds in Palestine." Mr. C. W. Wyatt, when on the Sinai Expedition, 

 saw single birds on the marshes near Tor in February ; and Captain Shelley writes that it is a 

 " common winter visitant both in Egypt and Nubia, arriving in October and leaving again in 



