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arriving in March and leaving again in September ; Kjserbolling says that it breeds on the large 

 uncultivated open patches of country and on the islands. Baron von Droste Hulshoff says that 

 it breeds on the island of Borkum, off the coast of Holland, but not commonly, though during 

 passage it is numerous ; and Mr. H. M. Labouchere informs me that it is also very common on 

 the Dutch coast, where it is seen as early as the end of August, and often remains till quite late 

 in the spring, but does not breed there. In Flanders it is common during the two seasons of 

 passage, when it is also found along the rivers in the interior of Belgium and Luxemburg; and 

 in France it frequents the sandy shores of the north and west, as well as those of the Mediterra- 

 nean, some being resident; but their numbers are largely augmented during the seasons of 

 passage. Professor Barboza du Bocage states that it is common in Portugal ; and Mr. Howard 

 Saunders speaks of it (Ibis, 1871, p. 386) as being common in winter; but he does not believe 

 that it remains to breed. Colonel Irby, however, writes (Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 161) as follows:— 

 "Though I have no absolute proof, I am nearly sure that this species occasionally remains to 

 breed near Gibraltar, as I have shot them as late as the 28th May, and have seen eggs obtained 

 near Seville as early as the 23rd of March ; but this is the only instance I know of their nesting 

 so far south. During autumn, and until April, the Ring-Plover is extremely plentiful along the 

 coast, and most so in the month of March." In the Balearic Islands it is not so common as on 

 the mainland of Spain ; and, passing eastward, I find it recorded as visiting Savoy in March and 

 again in August; and a few remain, Bailly says, to breed on the banks of the Rhone and the 

 Isere. In Italy it is principally a visitor during passage, and Salvadori does not think that it 

 breeds anywhere, Durazzo's statement that it nests in Liguria being, he thinks, owing to con- 

 fusion with JE. curonica. In Sicily, Doderlein says, it is the commonest of the shore-birds ; 

 and he asserts that some remain to breed. It is also abundant in Sardinia; and Mr. C. A. 

 Wright speaks of it (Ibis, 1864, p. 141) as being "common at the heads of creeks and harbours 

 in Malta in spring and autumn. It commences to appear in March, and is occasionally seen in 

 summer." Lord Lilford says that he observed it occasionally at Butrinto in February and March ; 

 and Dr. Kriiper states that it arrives in Greece in the autumn and remains there over the winter. 

 It is found also on the Cyclades in winter. In Southern Germany it appears to occur only on 

 passage, and is somewhat rare. Referring to its occurrence in Bohemia, Dr. Fritsch says (J. f. O. 

 1871, p. 384) that he killed a specimen on a small pond near Brezan. Mr. Lokaj obtained it 

 on several occasions in the spring ; and Palliardi states that though it visits the vicinity of 

 Franzensbad but rarely in the spring, it is common in the autumn. Messrs. Danford and Harvie- 

 Brown speak of it as being rare in Transylvania, where it is occasionally seen on passage ; and 

 Mr. Robson informs me that it is tolerably common in Asiatic and European Turkey ; but as he 

 adds that there are many places where it breeds, I cannot but surmise that he has confused the 

 Lesser Ringed Plover with the present species, especially as all the specimens he has sent me from 

 there are referable to yE. curonica. Professor Von Nordmann says that though it is not rare at 

 the two seasons of passage on the shores of the Black Sea, it is far less numerous than its two 

 congeners. I cannot but include the bird described from the Caucasus by Menetries (I. c.) under 

 the name of Charadrius intermedins as belonging to the present species; for the description given 

 by him tallies tolerably well with the small form of the common Ringed Plover, but does not agree 

 with the Lesser Ringed Plover. Menetries states that it is not rare on the banks of the Lenkoranka 



