throughout the eastern or interior portion in the fir-woods, but is very rare in the open parts of 

 the country, as throughout Listerland and Jsederen. On the fell-sides it breeds rarely above the 

 boundary of the conifer-growth; but in the autumn it visits the juniper regions regularly. A 

 few remain over winter here and there on the south and west coasts up to the Nordfjord ; and it 

 is seen annually near Christiansand. According to Nilsson it arrives in Southern Sweden late in 

 March or early in April, and in Central Sweden seldom before the commencement of the latter 

 month, leaving Skane, in Southern Sweden, again in October and November. It breeds here and 

 there in suitable localities throughout the country. According to Dr. Palmen (Finl. Fogl. ii. 

 p. 228) it is common in Southern and Central Finland, but does not occur in the northern 



n ° i ■ ° 



portion. Bergstrand records it from Aland, it breeds here and there, but sparingly, near Abo, 

 Uskela, Ylane, and Bjorneborg, is commoner in Nyland, near Nyslott and Kexholm. It is rare 

 north of the Ladoga, and, according to Kessler, is unknown in the Olonetz Government. In the 

 Kuopio district it breeds not uncommonly ; but Aschan considers it to be rarer in Jisalmi. 

 Malmgren records it as somewhat rare in Kajana; it breeds in Sotkamo, and has of late years 

 increased in numbers, so that in 1872 it could be considered common; but it scarcely occurs 

 in Kuhmo. Alcenius states that it occurs sparingly between Wasa and Gamle Karleby ; and 

 Aschan believes that the elevation between Savolaks and Osterbotten, in 64° N. lat., may be 

 considered as about the limit of its normal range in Central Finland. It is occasionally seen in 

 the north ; and Mr. Hilden saw a brace on the island of Kraasime, in Hankipudas, north of 

 Uleaborg, in 1870. It arrives in Southern Finland about the 26th of April, and remains until 

 October or November. In Russia it is tolerably common, and certainly breeds near Archangel. 

 Mr. Sabanaeff informs me that it breeds throughout the interior of Russia ; but in the southern 

 portions of the Tula and Tamboff Governments it is only met with on passage. The northern 

 limits of its range are scarcely known ; but he believes that it ranges as far north as the large 

 forests extend. Kessler says that near Kieff it is a migrant. In the Ural he found it numerous; 

 but, he adds, it breeds but rarely in the larch-woods of Bashkiria. Mr. Goebel says that it is not 

 rare on passage in suitable localities in Courland, but breeds there only sparingly ; and, according 

 to Borggreve, it breeds singly, but regularly, in all the large forests in the mountains and on the 

 plains of North Germany. On the spring passage it is numerous near the coast, and is especially 

 so on the island of Riigen. In the autumn it appears in the far east, in East Prussia and Silesia 

 more frequently than elsewhere. In the winter of 1866-67 large numbers remained over winter 

 in the western portions of the empire, whereas usually only stragglers remain. Mr. Collin says 

 that it occurs throughout Denmark on passage, and a few stragglers remain to breed. In the 

 spring the Woodcocks usually appear about the 12th of March, sometimes a few days before ; and 

 the passage lasts about a fortnight, or during unfavourable weather as long as a month. They 

 arrive and pass on during southerly winds, and appear again in October during north or north- 

 east winds, sometimes as late as the early part of November ; and occasionally a few stragglers 

 remain over winter. It visits Heligoland on passage, as may be taken for granted, and is found 

 on the mainland of Germany at the same seasons, but does not often breed there. Mr. Carl Sachse, 

 writing respecting its occurrence in Rhenish Prussia, says that it arrives near Altenkirchen a full 

 week earlier than in North Germany, and a few remain throughout the winter, the number, how- 

 ever, having been much greater than usual during the winter of 1872-73. It also breeds there, 



