SUPERFICIAL GEOIOGY OE BKITISH COLUMBIA. 113 



last indications of glacial action on a large scale, and to have been 

 followed by tbe retreat of tbe ice to its present liniits. 



There are, however, a few cases where some traces seem to remain 

 of older morame-hke accumulation, which, whether due to glaciers 

 proper or to pack-ice are probably of the d'ate of the north-to-south 

 •ice-movement whmh the rock-striation proves to have occurred The 



h^tZt iT^l 6 ° f th , i8 ^ haT6 See " iB in the "road depression 

 between the 11-ga-chuz and Tsi-tsutl volcanic ranges, through which 

 the upper part of the Salmon river flows northward. Thesf r^T 

 as before mentioned lie transverse to the general direction of the 

 »W fit y -f the '"*, e r r - The ^ssion between them is 



not unhlrih ^T^' aUd iS thi0kl y hea P ed ™ th "^rial 



not unlike the general Boulder-clay covering, but arranged, with 



greater or less regularity, in mounds and ridges with genfral elst- 



Tn Z't ^l^T^i fr ° m 6ach ° ther ^ intervening swamps. 

 In the lowest part of the depression the Salmon river cute through 



aboutN 81 ^ ^ which V th ° Ugh tortuous ' has a ^^ course 

 about H. 70 E. and runs for a mile and a half or more. This 

 may be of the nature of an esker ; but, from its association with the 

 morainic ridges above, in which the size of the boulders quite pre! 

 t ^eifi ex P la » atlon > thls do es not seem probable. If water-borne 



for tbeJ^fi 1C * erg » r P aCk " iCe ' be SUp P° Sed sufficient *<> a ooount 

 for the north-and-south glaciation of rocks, these and other moraine- 



tLTT^T T J re P rese nt localities where heavy ice 

 stranded and forced up bottom-material; while in places more ex- 

 posed to open water and less to great accumulations of ice, shingle- 

 deposits, like those described on J?ort-George trail, may have been 

 in process of formation. 



Of the later outflow of ice from the present mountain-systems, I 

 have had most opportunity of studying the traces of that which 

 moved eastward from the Coast or Cascade range. It is evTdent 

 however, that a similar movement mnst have occurred from the 

 Selkirk and Gold ranges and Rocky Mountains, though perhaps 

 not to so great an extent, as the precipitation of moisture in these 

 regions is much less. 



The glaciers moving eastward from the Coast range appear in 

 all cases to have followed the present river-valleys pretty closely 

 and though they must have overlapped the higher country in some 

 places, it is m the immediate vicinity of the great transverse de- 

 pressions now occupied by the rivers that their traces are most 



ZfZ n ^T 8 - thes r alleyS " SUCCeSsi0n from south to n"?h 

 as Ln ws U — eB ing P articulars > thG main facts may be stated 



^icolaVaUey.-.The river flows westward; but the drift-material 



cZt 11 / 1 bould r an , d gravel ? is larg>e1 ^ in — *»* K; 



composed of granitic and syenitic rocks derived from the coast- 

 mountains, which have been carried eastward, and now overlie 

 volcanic rocks quite different lithologically. This is the ca*e to 

 he lower end of Nicola Lake, where the drift assume a more local 

 character. No distinct moraines were observed 

 Q. J. G. S. No. 133. 



