352 A. B. WYNNE ON THE PHYSICAL 



Sr 



Extra-Himalayan. Himalayan. 



? 5. Magnesian sandstone and 



dolomite sandstone. 



Silurian , 4. Obolus- orSiphonotreta-bed.9, Dark slates of At- 



clunchy dark shales, sandy took, Hazara, &c, 

 and conglomeratic layers. sandstones, lime- 

 stones. Unfossi- 

 liferous. Probably 

 Silurian. 



Saline Series 3. Lower or purple sandstone 



(Silurian or older.) passing down to "red 



gypseous marl," gypsum, 

 and rock-salt ; thin layers 

 of dolomite with salt- 

 crystal casts in the red 

 salt-marl. 



Metamorpiiic 2 Part of the Attock 



slates in Hazara, 

 slightly. 



Crystalline 1 , Syenite and "central 



gneiss " ? 

 Igneous A few small exposures of volcanic rock. Green- 

 stone and doleritic dykes &c. in No. 4. 



Having thus shown the general geological series to be found in 

 this and some of the neighbouring countries, the deposits and con- 

 ditions which they indicate here in the Upper Punjab may be briefly 

 described. 



5. Paleozoic. Oldest Rocks. 



Regarding the crystalline rocks, I have little information to pre- 

 sent ; they do not occur largely in accessible portions of the district, 

 except in the form of transported detritus. Of the more lofty 

 regions beyond the British frontier, it may be gathered, from the 

 papers referred to, that syenite and gneiss form the fundamental 

 rocks ; and Dr. Stoliczka remarks that these two crystalline varieties 

 pass into each other, the same crystalline masses assuming different 

 forms in the high country traversed by the Yarkand and Kashgar 

 Embassy in 1873-74. 



The midrib of the Pir-Panjal range is of gneiss, which reappears 

 in the Kyjenag* range north of the Vedusta or Upper Jhelum river, 

 and has been found by Dr. Waagen and myself forming high moun- 

 tains in the northern part of the Hazara district beyond Abbottabad. 

 ft is an easily recognized rock, rendered porphyritic by large twin 

 crystals of white felspar (orthoclase). Erom Hazara westward the 

 more crystalline rocks pass beyond the British frontier to the north 

 of Yusufzai, where their occurrence is recorded, by Drs. Bellew and 

 Verchere, as far west as the junction of the stream from the Bajaor f 

 mountains with the LundaJ or Kabul river. Mica-schist is also 

 mentioned as occurring beyond the Yusufzai frontier ; but I have 

 not seen it in Hazara, nor does Mr. Lydekker record its occurrence 

 in the Pir-Panjal range. 



* Pronounced Kawj 7 e-nawg. f Bajowr. 



\ Loonda. I am informed that limestone also occurs in the mountains 

 north of Murdan, Yusufzai. 



