

GEOLOGY OF THE UPPER PUNJAB. 357 



occurring in these rocks*. The formation is largely made up of 

 limestones of varying texture and colour, not unfrequently dolomitic. 

 Sandstones and shales occur chiefly in the highest and lowest 

 portions, but may be found fugitively on any horizon, and the 

 shales are sometimes coaly. There are irregularities in the surfaces 

 of some of the upper beds, pockets in these being occupied by 

 haematites, as observed by Dr. Waagen, and some of the newer 

 beds are wanting in westerly directions. I have never found these 

 appearances amount to actual unconformity, and the lowest beds of 

 the formation rest quite conformably upon group No. 6. 



For fuller information concerning another Carboniferous group, 

 forming four large inliers of limestone in the Jamu (Jumoo) country, 

 I must refer to vol. ix. of the ' Records of the Geological Survey of 

 India.' These exposures seem to be intermediate, or else more 

 nearly connected with the Himalayan than the extra-Himalayan 

 system. The rocks include dense crypto-crystalline limestone, often 

 thin and cherty, in one exposure nearest the Pir-Panjal range, 

 massive below, less cherty and more blue in colour above, and 

 having a banded structure like that of the Carboniferous Limestone 

 in the Kashmir valley. 



Occasional bands of siliceous flagstone and slate are intercalated, 

 and the rocks are usually unfossiliferous ; but one fragment of 

 Fenestella was observed by Mr. Lydekker. The relation of these 

 Carboniferous beds to the overlying Nummulitic group is that of 

 complete parallelism, if not of complete conformity as well. 



The largest of these exposures is exactly in the strike of the 

 nearest half of the Salt Range. In the parallelism of its beds to 

 the newer rocks it presents the same feature so prominent in that 

 range and so conspicuous in its eastern part ; but the Mesozoic groups 

 are wanting, though believed to be represented along the adjacent 

 outer flank of the Pir-Panjal range. 



11. Considering the conformity mentioned between the Carbo- 

 niferous formation and the beds both above and below, also the 

 conformity between the Triassic and infra-Trias sic of Hazara, and 

 the general positions of the rocks with regard to locality, it is pos- 

 sible that the Carboniferous beds of Jamu and of the Salt Range, the 

 Palaeozoic groups 5 and 6 below the latter, and the infra-Triassic 

 group of Hazara (No. 8) may all belong to one series, irregularly 

 distributed, partly in consequence of the post- Silurian break pre- 

 viously noticed. 



12. It appears from the descriptions of the Jamu Carboniferous 

 inliers that the disturbance manifested is of the same character, 

 though sometimes even greater than that shown by the arrange- 

 ment of the Sir-Ban beds ; that is to say, normal anticlinal flexure 

 with the long side presented towards, and the steep side turned 

 away from the higher ranges, or this steep side removed by denu- 

 dation and fracture. In the eastern Salt Range, amongst several 

 complexities produced by dislocation, there are tendencies to the 



* Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. ix. pt. 2. A large collection of the Carboni- 

 ferous fossils of the Salt Range is in Dr. Waagen's hands for examination. 



