GEOLOGY OF THE UPPEE PUNJAB. 361 



found ; but there are rocks in about the same position thought to 

 be of a newer age. 



In the Himalayan area to the north the Jurassic formation is less 

 clear in its relation to the Trias ; in some places the succession 

 seems to be as unbroken as in the Salt Range, in others there is 

 unconformity of a local character, not very strongly marked, as at 

 Sir Ban, and in others still the most prominent layers of the group 

 are absent. 



At the locality last mentioned, and in the hills north of Murree, 

 some black (Spiti) shales, containing numerous Ammonites, JBelemnites, 

 Inocerami, &c, occur, which have not been met with elsewhere in 

 this district, and a hard ferruginous and very siliceous sandstone 

 (Gieumal sandstone?) closes the series. The greater disturbance 

 in this northern region adds to the obscurity of the relations ; and in 

 one instance north-west from Rawal Pindi all the rocks, though 

 apparently conformable, are completely inverted, the Jurassic beds 

 resting for a considerable distance at low angles on the Eocene 

 rocks. 



. The most characteristic zone of the northern Jurassics is a dark 

 limestone band rendered rough by coarse grains of quartz, and 

 sometimes overlying more earthy beds with Belemnites, Gryjplicece, 

 and broken Ammonites. This limestone is crowded with large 

 specimens of Trigonia ventricosa*, the matted red or yellow sections 

 of which show plainly in the rock. Sometimes Trigonia costata and 

 very large oysters are also present. 



The Jurassic group is unknown in the border region of the Hima- 

 laya along the Kashmir mountains, nor have these rocks been found 

 between the Upper Punjab and Kashgar along the routes traversed 

 by Dr. Stoliczka. Their local distribution and partial unconformity, 

 together with their limited thickness, would seem to suggest the 

 idea of a limit of deposition in northerly and north-easterly 

 directions. 



It is curious to observe that at the time of the deposition of the 

 northern beds similar conditions probably prevailed here, in South 

 India, and in South Africa, as shown by the occurrence of at least 

 one fossil, Trigonia ventricosa, while in the intermediate Salt-Range 

 region this form has not, so far as I know, been met with. 



Cretaceous. 



16. Notwithstanding the local interruption at the base of the 

 Jurassic series in the Sir-Ban section, the deposition of the sea in 

 which the Triassic rocks were formed went on continuously elsewhere, 

 over both Himalayan and extra-Himalayan regions, and, after the 

 Jurassic rocks were deposited, successively laid down beds belonging 

 to the Cretaceous period. These last present considerable variety 

 as to thickness, composition, and organic remains. 



In the Himalayan region rusty, sandy limestone of inconsiderable 



* For the determination which confirmed the conjecture that this was the 

 fossil named, I am indebted to Dr. O. Feistmantel, Geol. Surv. Ind. 



Q. J. G. S. No. 134. 2 b 



