364 A. B. WYNNE ON THE PHYSICAL 



Nummulitic formation of the Salt Range is chiefly made up of these, 

 including a band of gypseous and coaly shales. Limestones and, 

 locally, some sandy or earthy beds reappear trans-Indus, west of the 

 Rawal-Pindi plateau, conformably overlying the great gypsum and 

 rock-salt deposits. In the outer Himalayan hills the beds are 

 darker limestones and frequently thick shales (with one instance of 

 a lenticular coal-bed), while in the narrow outer transitional zone, 

 separated from these by the line of abnormal contact alluded to in 

 my former paper, the JSTummulitic rocks are white or light-coloured 

 or marly limestones, often crowded with Nummulites and alternating 

 with red, purple, or greenish clays associated with masses of 

 gypsum and beds of sandstone. 



This outer zone extends from near Kohat almost to the river 

 Jhelum and reappears at Mozufferabad ; its general position in the 

 series is clearly shown by its intercalation with the overlying Ter- 

 tiary sandstones, &c. : hence it must be newer than the limestones, 

 which do not present this transition. It is this zone which reap- 

 pears in the Jamu country, associated with coaly shales and with a 

 larger amount of clays than to the north-west. It is again feebly 

 represented in the Eastern Salt Range, resting upon the local 

 Nummulitic limestone, and occurs also in the same position at the 

 north side of Khairee-Murut ridge, extending to the westward and 

 forming the lower part of that elevation west by south from Rawal 

 Pindi. From the presence of the gypsum in this upper Nummulitic 

 band, and transitional appearances here and there to the west, it is 

 not improbable that the trans-Indus Nummulitic limestone may be 

 a local development of the upper part of these rocks. 



The upper Nummulitic band does not appear as a continuous belt 

 along the outer flanks of the Pir Panjal and other high ranges of 

 Kashmir in the same relative position which it occupies in the 

 liawal-Pindi district, a result apparently due to dislocation. It also 

 .appears to have changed its character, becoming greyer and redder, 

 and containing less limestone, in its extreme north-westerly ex- 

 posure among the hills south of the Peshawur valley. 



18. The conditions of this Eocene period must have varied con- 

 siderably over the upper Punjab. In the northern direction the 

 dark limestones and fine clays would correspond with the existence 

 of deep seas, in which the greatest thickness of these rocks was 

 deposited ; the Foraminifera and other organisms, too, are minute 

 and often scarce. In the Salt Range, on the contrary, fossils are 

 abundant, such as Nummulites, large Lucinidse, and Gastropods and 

 Echinoderms of large size, occurring in pale, often nearly white, 

 limestones, probably here deposited by clearer w T ater. At or near 

 the base of the most eastern part of the exposure, highly ferruginous 

 mud associated with pure white clay was precipitated, and now forms 

 a haematitic band (or bands) which has also been identified in the 

 Jamu Upper Nummulitic zone, showing that the more massive lime- 

 stones have thinned away to the east. 



In the Salt Range, at about the same horizon, are beds of white 

 sandstone and grey or red shale, while along the whole range dark 



