374 A. 35. WYNNE ON THE PHYSICAL 



the Indus, that of the former river above and below the station of 

 Jhelum, that of the Indus only above Attock and below Kalabag. 



The fan deposits described by Mr. Drew in the more lofty regions 

 of Kashmir are represented here by local accumulations, such as the 

 fringing deposits of the southern foot of the Salt Eange and those 

 of the higher mountains west of the Indus. They occur forming 

 large talus deposits in the Banu (Bunoo) valley, to the south of the 

 Shmghur (Sheengur) Mountains west of Kalabag, and around the 

 AlTridi (Affreedee) Hills ; but there are fewer and smaller traces of 

 these fan deposits to the east, where they may be partly repre- 

 sented by the pebble-beds of the post-Tertiary deposits, with this 

 difference, that to the west and south the formation of these 

 detrital masses is still in progress. 



In these llecsnt times vegetation again flourished where now it 

 is comparatively scarce, large leaves of trees being found in deposits 

 of calcareous tufa where at present brushwood only grows. But the 

 large animals of the Siwalik times had passed away, and the condi- 

 tions of the present afford a natural existence to no larger quadrupeds 

 than the wild sheep (Ovis cycloceros), markhor (Capra Falconeri), 

 small ravine gazelle, mountain bear, tiger, panther, wolf, fox, or 

 jackal. 



Stjmmaey. 



2-i. From the foregoing notes it will be seen that the geological 

 history of this part of the world extends back to very remote times, 

 and that through nearly all the extra-Himalayan formations there 

 are found some indications of land, probably lying to the south, 

 even perhaps connected with the old tropical continent (Lemuria) 

 supposed to have joined the present peninsular India with Africa 

 as late as the Tertiary period. 



In the region between this old land and that where the Himalayan 

 elevations afterwards took place, a state of things existed at two 

 widely-separated periods (pre-Silurian and Eocene) which resulted 

 in the formation of enormous deposits of rock-salt, and in associa- 

 tion with the oldest of these there are traces of volcanic energy 

 having been displayed. 



In the Himalayan area the marine deposits older than Tertiary 

 present fewer indications of terrestrial conditions . Still that denuded 

 land did exist in those regions, between the Silurian and Triassic 

 ages, is shown by the unconformity at the base of the infra-Trias sic 

 rocks, and again indicated by a bed of Mesozoic limestone-conglome- 

 rate enclosing rounded lumps of coral-limestone. 



In this Himalayan or Western Himalayan region it has been 

 shown that there was again land (probably mountainous) from an 

 early post-Eocene period, if not earlier, also that this elevated ground 

 continued to supply detritus to be carried southwards from the 

 Tertiary period till the present time. 



As this later elevation gave the first direction to the drainage- 

 system of which that of the region under notice forms a part, and 

 as the river Indus is one of the drainage-channels, it would appear 



