210 T ADORN A T ADORN A 



Turkestan it breeds on the east coast of the Caspian (Radde and Walter, 1889; Zarudny, 1885), 



though rarely if ever in the interior. There is one record of its occurrence at the mouth of the 



_ . Oxus, or Amu-Daria (Molcanov, 1912). Farther east it has been found in the Pamir, 



Turkestan 



though it is extremely rare (Severtzoff, 1883; Lansdell, 1885). It nests all over Turkes- 

 tan (Severtzoff, 1883), and though Lansdell (1885) says it breeds at altitudes as great as 3000 to 

 4000 feet, it is probably rare everywhere but on the low-lying saline marshes. Its great breeding 

 Central area in this region is no doubt Central Asia. I have already noted that it breeds in the 



Asia Kirgis (Nazarow, 1887; Suschkin, 1900). It has been recorded also from Akmolinsk 



(Bianchi, 1902), and is common apparently as far north as Omsk and Lake Chany. Popham (1901) 

 records a specimen apparently taken near Jeneseisk. Farther east it has been found on the Saissan- 

 Nor (Finsch, 1879; Suschkin, 1913), the Ala-Kul (Finsch, 1879), and probably breeds in suitable 

 places in the Tarim Basin, Sungari and Gobi deserts. Its southern limit in Asia during the summer 

 seems to be 38° north latitude, or the line of the Altyn-tag Mountains. Prjevalski (Deditius, 1886) 

 says it is a characteristic summer bird in the Gobi, latitude 42° to 44° north and longitude 98° to 

 Gobi and 102° east, and Hume and Marshall (1879) state that it is found even in eastern Tibet 

 Tibet in summer. This I believe is probably erroneous, for Bailey (Journ. Bombay Nat. 



Hist. Soc, vol. 21, p. 178, 1911) in four years at Gyangtse took only one specimen. Berezowski and 

 Bianchi (1891) found the birds in Kan-su, on the Chagan-Nor and in the Ordos in August, and it is 

 reasonable to suppose they breed as far south as the Hoang-ho. Sowerby (1912), however, states that 

 -. .. it is only of occasional occurrence in the Shen-Kan region. At any rate it is a regular 



breeding species in Mongolia (Prjevalski, 1878; David and Oustalet, 1877) and nests 

 north of Mongolia to perhaps 53° north latitude. Suschkin (1913) states that it breeds in southern 

 West Siberia and about Minussinsk, Baikal and Mongolia, straggling occasionally even to the Lower 

 Jenesei. It has been recorded repeatedly for Transbaikalia and the Amurland by von Homeyer 

 (1870), Taczanowski (1877) and Radde (1863). There is every reason to suppose that it breeds also 

 in Manchuria, where, according to Bianchi (1902), young birds have been found. Seebohm (1890) 



thinks possibly the species is resident in southern Japan. I find not the least evidence 



to support the statement of Xaumann (1896-1905) that the species is found as far as 

 Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands. 



Winter Range 

 I have already referred to the winter record of the occurrence of this species in Iceland near Rey- 

 kjavik, January 27, 1894 (Hantzsch, 1905). There is no evidence of its having ever wintered on the 

 Iceland Faroes and it is very rare in the Shetlands during the cold season (H. L. Saxby, 1874; 



Shetlands Buckley and Evans, 1899). In the British Isles, however, it is abundant, especially 

 on the east coast, to which many birds from the continent resort (Stonham, 1908; R. Gray, 1871; 

 „ . , etc.). In Scotland a few winter on the Orkneys (F. O. Morris, 1903; Buckley and 



Harvie-Brown, 1891), while on the west coast as well as in Sutherland, Caithness and 

 Cromarty it is rare (Harvie-Brown and Buckley. 1887). Still, in the Hebrides it appears to be not 

 w . uncommon (Harvie-Brown and Buckley, 1888, 1892), while on the east coast, in the 



Tay Basin and Strathmore, it is fairly abundant (Harvie-Brown, 1906). In England 

 it is generally distributed in winter (Seebohm, 1885; etc.) and is considerably more 

 numerous on the south and east coasts than is the case in summer (Stonham, 1908). It occurs in the 

 Isle of Man and also in Ireland (Ralfe, 1905; Ussher and Warren, 1900). 



On the continent it may be that a few birds winter on the southern coasts of Norway and Sweden 



or on the Baltic coast of Germany, but I have been unable to discover any evidence to that effect. 



Norwav Collin states that it is resident on some of the North Friesian Islands, and Bau 



<, , (Bau et al., 1877) says it winters in Schleswig-Holstein. According to Reichenow 



(1889) it occasionally wintered in the past on the Upper Rhine near Mayence, a place 



that seems a not unusual winter resort for several marine species. I find no information 



