212 TADORNA TADORNA 



and in Bessarabia (Radakoff, 1881). It no doubt occurs in small numbers throughout the Balkans, 

 Crimea though it is rare inland about Sofia (Reiser, 1894). In Macedonia it is common about 



Saloniki (Drummond-Hay), and in Albania about Durazzo (Lodge, 1909), but it is of 



only occasional appearance in Greece (von der Miihle, 1844). Powys (1860) states 

 that in severe winters it is found on the Ionian Isles and in western Greece. 



The species apparently winters throughout Asia Minor at least on the coasts. It has been so re- 

 corded in general by Kruper (fide Dresser, 1871-81) and specifically for Smyrna by Antinori (Journ. 

 f. Ornith., vol. 6, p. 484, 1858) and Strickland (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1836, p. 102), while in Cyprus 

 • • . lyr. it is found in the cold season (Lilford, 1889; Bucknill, 1911). It does not appear to 



winter in Palestine, but is found in Egypt up the Nile as far as Siout (Shelley, 1872; 

 g7V von Heuglin, 1873; etc.). 



According to Zarudny (1911) and Meinertzhagen (1914) the birds winter also in Mesopotamia, 

 and the species has been recorded from the Caucasus, especially from the Caspian coast, and in 

 Mesopo- severe winters also from the interior at Tiflis and from the salt lakes, particularly 



t arma Gotschai (Radde, 1884; Seebohm, 1883). On the southwest Caspian, however, it is 



not common (Radde, 1886). I find no evidence of its wintering on the north of the Caspian. In 

 Caspian Persia it is found in the cold season on the south Caspian, and rarely in the Atrek, 



Sea Seistan, littoral of the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea and in Zagross regions (Zarudny, 



1911). Baker (1908) states that it is common in Afghanistan and not rare in Baluchistan. North of 

 p . Persia it has been found a few times in Transcaspia on the Teshen (Loudon, 1911), but 



does not seem to winter farther north in western Turkestan. 

 According to Hume and Marshall (1879) it is not rare about Kabul and Khandahar and Whitehead 

 (Ibis, ser. 9, vol. 3, p. 281, 1909) says that although it is of regular occurrence it is not common about 

 T ,. Bannu. In India it is generally distributed (but nowhere common) as far south as the 



twenty-first or twenty-second parallel (Hume and Marshall, 1879; Baker, 1908). It 

 is really common only on the coasts of Sind (Blanford, 1898), but has been recorded from Lucknow 

 (Jesse, 1903), Punjab, the Northwest Provinces, and Oudh (Baker, 1908). It is very rare in Kashmir 

 and quite rare in Bengal (Baker, 1908). According to Hume and Marshall (1879) it is found also 

 in Cutch and Kathiawar, but not in Rajputana. There are two extreme records for Nemuch and 

 Poona (Hume and Marshall, 1879). Its status in the east is very vague. It has not been recorded 

 from Assam, but it occurs in Chittagong (Hume and Marshall, 1879), and more recently specimens 

 have been taken in Burma at Myitkyina (E. W. Oates, 1902), at Meiktilla (Kinnear, Journ. Bombay 

 Nat. Hist Soc, vol. 20, p. 519, 1910) and as far south as Kyaukpyu (Baker, 1908). Hopwood (1912) 

 met with it in Arakan. I think the species will yet be discovered to winter in rare cases in Assam 

 and Upper Burma. At any rate it seems to winter in the Chinese Empire south of the fortieth 

 parallel, rarely of course in the interior. On the coast it has been recorded from Hongkong 

 c ,. (R. Swinhoe, 1860), Swatow (la Touche, 1892), Amoy (R. Swinhoe, 1860), Formosa 



(R. Swinhoe, 1863; la Touche, 1892; Uchida, 1912), Foochow (R. Swinhoe, 1862; 

 la Touche, 1892), Shanghai (Styan, 1891), Kiau-Chau (Kleinschmidt, 1913), Taku and Peking 

 (David and Oustalet, 1877; R. Swinhoe, 1861). I have no evidence as to its winter status in the 

 interior, but I think we may assume that, as in other parts of its range a few individuals may linger 

 in Tibet and in China proper. 

 Korea ^ e species has been recorded from the Keiki District, Korea, and is said to be very 



common in spring farther north on the Yezanko River (Kuroda, 1918). In Japan it is 

 J p not uncommon except in Yezzo (Seebohm, 1890). Ogawa (1908) gives Tokio, 



Nagasaki and questionably Suruga as specific localities in which it has occurred. On the Loo-choo 

 Islands it is also found, a specimen having been taken on Ishigaki (Ogawa, 1905). 



