236 CAS ARC A FERRUGINEA 



In eastern Europe the species is found in winter in Greece (Kriiper, 1862; von der Miihle, 1844; 

 Greece Lindermayer, 1860), in Macedonia (Harrison, 1918), and apparently throughout the 



eastern Balkans. The authorities for this region are uniformly negligent in specifying 

 „ . the time of its occurrence in winter, all of them being more interested in describing its 



nesting there. But Elwes and Buckley (1870) report that it is common in the 

 Dobrudja and Finsch (1859) says the same for Bulgaria. The same laxity in reporting applies to the 

 investigators of the north shore of the Black Sea. Radde (1854), however, states that it is common 

 in late summer on the Sea of Azov, and I think possibly it may winter along the entire coast. At any 

 rate it is a common winter bird in Asia Minor, at Constantinople (Braun, 1908), at Smyrna (Strick- 

 Asia land, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1836, p. 102), on the west coast (Kriiper, 1862; Reiser, 



Minor 1894 ) > anc j j n L y( j ia (Hamilton, y?rfe Keller, 1913), and it is found in Cyprus (Bucknill, 



1911) and in Palestine (Tristram, 1884) as well. Both Meinertzhagen (1914) and Stoneham (1919) 

 found the species plentiful in Mesopotamia during the winter. It is resident in the Caucasus (Seebohm, 

 1883; Radde, 1884), but there is no evidence to show that it winters in the northern part, or along the 

 Caspian north of the Caspian and Aral Seas. I question very much whether it would be found 



Region m Transcaspia north of the rivers (Teshen, Murghab, etc.), though it is resident in 



that section (Radde and Walter, 1889; Stolzmann, 1893). In Persia it is very common in the cold 

 season, and its occurrence there is given by the authority, Zarudny (1911), for the south Caspian, 

 Atrek, Parapamis, Seistan, Kuhistan-Kirnian, Zagross, Mesopotamian and Persian Gulf littoral sec- 

 tions. Radde (1886) also reports it for the southwest Caspian and Araxes region, while Hohenacker 

 (1837) found it at Lenkoran and Blanford (1876) about Shiraz Lake. Zarudny (1911) goes on to state 

 that it winters in Baluchistan and along the littoral of the Arabian Sea. Scully (1887) and C. Swinhoe 

 (1882) found it in Afghanistan and Yarkand, while Koslow (1899) is authority for its wintering in 

 southern Kashgaria. 



As far as I am able to determine, its winter range does not extend farther north than the Pamir 

 region, and there the species must be rare in the cold weather. Still it winters in Kashmir and in 

 . ,. Tibet (Walton, 1906; Baker, 1908). Its great wintering area in this region is, however, 



the Indian Empire. Numerous writers testify to its abundance in suitable places 

 throughout the peninsula. Hume and Marshall (1879) state that it is very common in Sind and the 

 Punjab; Ball (1874) says the same for Bengal, though Scully (1879) observes that it is uncommon in 

 Nepal. Baker (1908) states that it has been recorded from every district of the peninsula excepting 

 p . the waterless tracts. It is found even in Ceylon (Legge, 1880; Wait, 1917). Eastward 



from the Ganges its status is more doubtful. Baker (1908) found it rare in Cachar and 

 not common in East Sylhet, though it was more abundant in South and West Sylhet, and he thinks 

 t> it is only a straggler to southern Burma. Yet E. W. Oates (1883) says it is abundant 



in Pegu, and both Blyth (1875) and Hopwood (1912) state that it is common in 

 Arakan. Hume (1875) says it is plentiful in Upper Pegu, but though found between Thatone and Sit- 

 tang and even on the Mergui Archipelago, it is very rare in Tenasserim (Hume and Davison, 1878). 

 In the interior it seems to be more abundant, being fairly common in the South Shan States (Rippon, 

 1901) and very common in Burma at Bhamo (Baker, 1908; Blyth, 1875). It may possibly occur in 

 Lower Siam (Robinson and Kloss, 1921). 



In China it is apparently a winter bird everywhere south of the Hoang-Ho. Swinhoe (von Heuglin, 

 China 1874a) says it is common in the interior, and in general it may be said that it is less 



abundant on the coasts. The species seems to be especially common in southwestern 

 China, particularly in Yunnan, whence it has been recorded by H. R. Davies (1909), R. C. and Y. B. 

 Andrews (1918), J. Anderson (1878) and by Menegaux and Didier (1913). I find further records for its 

 occurrence at Amoy and Hongkong (R. Swinhoe, 1860, 1861), at Foochow (La Touche, 1892; R. 

 Swinhoe, 1862), on Formosa (R. Swinhoe, 1863; Uchida, 1912), at Shanghai (Wade, 1895), at Kiau- 

 chow (Kleinschmidt, 1913) and in Shantung (R. Swinhoe, 1875; Blackwelder, 1907). It has also been 



