352 MR. J. B. SCRIVENOR ON THE [Julie 1913, 



occur not far from the Coal Measures. The high percentage of 

 moisture in the. coal also (about 20 per cent.) points decidedly to- 

 its deposition at a later date than the granite-intrusion and the 

 earth-movements that occurred when the granite was intruded. 



Reference to Dr. Th. Posewitz's ' Borneo : its Geology & Mineral 

 Resources' [English transl.] 1892, will show that the plant-remains,, 

 although they support the other evidence of Tertiary age, do not 

 help us in determining to what part of the Tertiary Era they 

 should be referred (pp. 201, 224, 225). Van Hooze, however,, 

 has based an arrangement of Bornean coals on the percentage of 

 moisture, thus (op. cit. pp. 219 & 220) :— 



Eocene 4 to 0> per cent, of hygroscopic water. 



Oligocene 9 to 14 do. do 



Miocene 19 to 25 do. do. 



The idea of gradual dehydration underlying this arrangement is- 

 obvious. The Selangor Coal Measures, on this test alone, would be 

 considered Miocene ; nevertheless, the conclusion must be supported 

 by other evidence before it can be accepted as satisfactory. 



X. Fixed Geological Horizons in the Malay Peninsula. 



Before going farther, it is necessary to discuss what evidence 

 there is of fixed geological horizons in the Peninsula on which a 

 description of its history can be based. 



Taking the calcareous Raub Series first, the palseontological 

 evidence is not very satisfactory. Eossils from limestone in Pahang- 

 have been referred by Mr. G. C. Crick to OrtJioceras, Cyrtoeeras y 

 Gyroceras, and Solenocheilus. Mr. R. B. Newton wrote to me 

 concerning these limestone fossils : — 



' Hence the rocks may be recognized as of Carboniferous age.' 



Imperfect casts and impressions of fossils are not uncommon 

 in the weathered calcareous shales, but at one locality only, in 

 Pahang, have any been collected that are of homotaxial value. 

 Concerning these, Mr. Newton wrote : — 



' . . . . The fossils themselves are badly preserved, being little more than 

 impressions, and therefore are not sufficiently defined for illustration and 

 detailed description. The most prominent are those having a circular or 

 elliptical outline, which Mr. G-. C. Crick determines as an Ammonoid resembling 

 Waagen's Xenodiscus. There are also some straight tube-like organisms which 

 appear to be closely allied to Dentalium herculeum of de Koninck. The- 

 association of these two fossils is interesting, since similar forms are found 

 together in the Upper Productus Limestone of the Salt Range, India, a fact 

 which would favour the Malay specimens being of Permian age. 



' There are a number of other organisms, but very much too obscure for 

 determination, among them being an Aviculopeetinoid impression and some- 

 possible brachiopod remains. 



'Both Mr. Crick and I think these fossils younger than those referred to 

 by Prof. Hughes as Permo-Carboniferous, in his notice of specimens from 

 Malaya collected by the "Skeat Expedition " (Rep. Brit. Assoc. Glasgow, 1901, 

 p. 414) on account of the presence of a trilobite determined as Proetus.' 



With regard to the fossils collected by the Skeat Expedition,, 



