Vol. 69.] GEOLOGICAL HISTOKr OF THE MALAY PEXINSLLA. 355 



Eaub Series being either Carboniferous or Permian, or Pernio- 

 Carboniferous, would be a serious difficulty. If, however, one 

 remembers that the glacial beds may be as late as Permian, then 

 the difficulty disappears; and the Raub Series can be regarded as 

 older than the Productus Beds, unless it is in part equivalent 

 to the shales underlying the boulder-beds in the trans-Indus 

 section of the Salt Range. 1 This climatic horizon may, therefore, 

 be referred to the similar horizons in India, South Africa, and 

 Australia; but, in general terms, we can only say that its age 

 maybe anything from the Upper Carboniferous to the- 

 Permian, more probably nearer the latter. 



The glacial clays are regarded as the base of the Malayan Gond- 

 wana rocks, just as the Talchir glacial deposits are the base of the 

 Indian Gondwana Series, and I must now justify my use of the 

 term ' Malayan Gondwana rocks.' The Myophorian Sandstone is 

 marine, but the rocks with which it is associated and the absence of 

 interbedded limestones show that it was deposited close to the shore. 

 The fossils found in the extension of the rocks in Singapore are 

 also marine, 2 but for Podozamites and a seed referred to Carpolithes, 

 The occurrence of the former of these plants led Mr. Newton to 

 suggest that these rocks are an outlier or extension of the Upper 

 Gondwanas of India. 3 In Perak a phyllopod has been collected 

 from shales associated with the typical conglomerate, described as 

 Estheriella radiata, var. multilineata, i which may have been incor- 

 porated in the rock under marine conditions, although the living 

 Estherice are confined to fresh or rarely brackish water. Nicholson 

 & Lydekker say 5 that fossil Estherice not uncommonly occur in 

 conjunction with undoubted marine remains, but that they appear, 

 on the whole, to occur most frequently in those accumulations that 



'have been decidedly the result of brackish-water inundations and of more 

 permanent lagoons (Jones).' 



No other fossils of homotaxial value, other than those collected; 

 in Pahang, Perak, and Singapore, have been discovered as yet in 

 these rocks ; but the evidence afforded by those that have been 

 collected, coupled with the climatic evidence of the Gopeng Beds, 

 seems to me sufficient for the belief that we have here an extension 

 of the Gondwana System of India. It is not claimed that the- 

 circumstances of the formation of the Malayan rocks were identical 

 with those under which the mass of the Gondwana System was 

 laid down. That is clearly impossible, seeing that, although there is- 



1 ' Manual of the Geology of India ' 2nd ed. (1893) p. 120. 



2 See P.. B. Newton. ' Notice of some Fossils from Singapore, &c.' G-eol. 

 Mag. dec. 5, vol. iii (1906) pp. 487-9G & pi. xxv. 



3 Op. cit. p. 488. 



* It. B. Newton, ' Note on the Age & Locality of the Estheriella Shales 

 from the Malay Peninsula' ; also T. R. Jones, ' Note on a Triassic Edlicriclla 

 from the Malay Peninsula' Geol. Mag. dec. 5, vol. ii (1905) pp. 49-52 & pi. ii. 



s ' Manual of Paleontology ' vol. i (1889) p. 511. 



