•'356 mr. j. u. scrivenor on the [June 1913, 



some petrological similarity, the Malayan rocks have yielded many 

 distinctly marine forms ; while the bulk of the Gondwana deposits of 

 India have yielded land-forms only (plants, amphibia, and reptiles). 

 The occurrence of EstJieriella, however, is suggestive, as Estherice 

 are found in the typical Gondwana rocks of India, 1 sometimes with 

 remains of plants, amphibia, reptiles, and fishes. Nevertheless, no 

 such remains have been found with the Perak EstJieriella as yet ; 

 and there is not sufficient reason to suppose that in any part of the 

 Malayan Gondwanas the mode of deposition was identical with 

 that of the bulk of the Indian Gondwana System. The Malayan 

 rocks appear to have been deposited under much the same circum- 

 stances as the Ragavarum, Tripetty, Vemavarum, and Sripermatur 

 Beds of the Gondwana System on the eastern coast of India, in which 

 marine organisms occur together with plant-remains. 2 



At the base of the Malayan Gondwana rocks is a climatic 

 horizon that we can regard as fixed. Is there any other horizon 

 in these rocks that can be regarded as fixed? The presence of 

 EstJieriella in Perak points to the Trias. Mr. Newton says of the 

 beds containing the Singapore fossils that they 



' may be of Middle Jurassic age, and about the horizon of the Inferior Oolite 

 of England.' (Geol. Mag. dee. 5, vol. iii, 1906, p. 488.) 



The Myophorian Sandstone of Pahang Mr. Newton referred to the 

 Bhsetic, because of the presence of Ghlamys valoniensis. Miss M. 

 Healey, who has described the Napeng Beds of Upper Burma 

 as lihaetic, supports Mr. Newton in his views as to the age of the 

 Myophorian Sandstone. 3 There seems, then, to be a strong case for 

 the existence of a definite lihaetic horizon in the Peninsula. Let us 

 see how this works in with the other evidence. Taking the Malayan 

 glacial beds as equivalent to the Talchir Group of Orissa, then the 

 Myophorian Sandstone would be the equivalent of the Mahadeva 

 Group, or possibly the Panchet Group of the Indian Gondwanas. 4 

 The Singapore fossils, however, Avere found almost directly on the 

 line of strike of the Myophorian Sandstone, and it seems probable 

 that Ave shall have to take full advantage of the doubt expressed 

 by Mr. Newton as to the age of these Singapore rocks, in order to 

 reconcile the facts. Apart from this, there is the further difficulty 

 of fitting in the comparatively small outcrops of the Malayan Gond- 

 Avanas, as a Avhole, into their places in the great thickness of the 

 Indian sequence. The Mahadeva Group is stated to be 10,000 feet 

 thick, the Panchet Group 1800 feet. The Myophorian Sandstone 

 as exposed on the Benta-Kuantan road in Pahang is 10 feet thick. 

 But the Malayan Gondwanas are littoral deposits; and, if avc 

 imagine the Gondwana coast-line in these parts to have been slowly 

 advancing eastwards, perhaps with many checks and oscillations, 

 then the evidence becomes more intelligible. This hypothesis: 



1 ' Manual of the Geology of India ' 2nd ed. (1893) pp. 170, 171, 1S5. 



2 Ibid. p. 180, &c. 



3 ' The Fauna of the Napeng Beds or the Rhajtic Beds of Upper Burma' 

 Pal. Indica, n. s. vol. ii (1908) Mem. 4, p. 2 (Mem. Geol. Surv. India). 



4 'Manual of the Geology of India' 2nd ed. (1893) p. 208. 



