Vol. 65.] THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE VICTORIA FALLS. 399 



the whitish quartzite were obtained from the bed and banks of the 

 Maramba, and there is much of the same material in the gravel of 

 that river. Lower down, cliffs of gravel and sand rise 20 feet 

 above the river-bed to the floor of the valley, which slopes both 

 towards the Maramba and towards the Zambesi ; and there are, at 

 a lower level, terraces of sandy beds used for brick-making, which 

 seem to be more plainly fluviatile deposits of the Maramba. 

 Flood-drift showed that the flood of January 1908 rose several feet 

 above these terraces. On the south side of the river traces of wash 

 and detritus, and flood-drift 4 or 5 feet above the ground in low 

 places, were to be seen for some distance from the river as far 

 down as the railway-bridge. The basalt appears on the surface in 

 dry watercourses or ' spruits,' with rolled detritus, quartzite, and 

 worked stones upon it. I picked up, among other worked stones 

 of the usual local quartzite, a pointed shoe-shaped implement of a 

 grey quartzite unlike the local surface-quartzite, but like other 

 worked and unworked stones found in the bed of the Maramba 

 higher up. It is 3| inches long, and quite unworn. A leaf-shaped 

 arrow-head of local quartzite chipped on both faces, and another 

 of the same shape having one surface flaked and the other trimmed, 

 were also obtained on the same flat. In all, thirty-eight specimens 

 of artificially worked quartzite were collected on this side of the 

 Maramba above the railway-bridge, on ground 20 to 30 feet above 

 flood-level in the Zambesi, but 4 or 5 feet below the high 

 Maramba flood of January, 1908. The greater part of them are 

 unworn, and none have the remarkable polish of those found 

 nearer the Zambesi. The stones, worked or unworked, which 

 bestrew the surface have evidently been derived to some extent 

 from the Maramba gravel. 



Below the railway-bridge the Maramba passes through a flat 

 which may be in part a fluviatile deposit of the Zambesi, ploughed 

 out down to the basalt by Maramba floods. At and below the 

 bridge the bed of the river is nearly dry from May to October, 

 when for a mile above its mouth the water is deep and nearly 

 stagnant at the level of the Zambesi, and 16 to 20 feet below the 

 ground at the sides. The basalt does not show above the flat, 

 and no worked stones were seen on either side of the Maramba. 



About 2 miles south-east of the Maramba and the Xansunzu a 

 ridge of basaltic kopjes runs down the tributary valley and ends 

 below the eastern end of the Falls. The top of the ridge, about 

 100 feet above the valley, is strewn with pieces of the quartzite, 

 some of which have been artificially worked. The oncer rough 

 surface remains, the chippings are quite sharp and are weather- 

 stained by long exposure. Some of them on the flanks of the 

 ridge are slightly blunted at the angles, but none have any polish. 



Many ' spruits,' dry except in the rains, descend from the kopjes 

 to the Nansunzu and to the Maramba. One of the latter passes 



