Vol. 65.] NEIGHBOTTKHOOD OP THE VICTOKIA FALLS. 401 



off, at about 50 feet above the top of the Falls. At this level 

 worked stones are to be found on the surface ; and Mr. Powell, 

 having experience of drifting sand in the Cape Peninsula, considers 

 that the sand by which the implement was covered is drift-sand. 

 The implement was sent to St. George's School, Bulawayo. 



On the southern side of the ridge of kopjes running down the 

 tributary valley are other spruits which unite and fall into the 

 deep Zambesi gorge, at a large and intricate group of ravines a mile 

 and three-quarters below the Palls. Very little is known of the 

 valley on the south-east of the ridge, and the difficulty of the ground, 

 covered by bush and trees, prevented me from learning much about 

 it : from the ridge it appears to be more than a mile wide. The 

 contrast between the dimensions of the ravines by which the valley 

 drains into the gorge and those of the ravine just above seems to 

 be too great to be accounted for solely by difference in age due to 

 the recession of the Falls, and suggests the action of heavy floods 

 from the valley on the south of the ridge. 



On the ground round the end of the ridge are many worked 

 pieces of the local quartzite, and with them I found an implement 

 of the brown quartzite, in material and form exactly like the two 

 from the Maramba River already described, but rather larger and 

 more waterworn. It was unfortunately left behind, perhaps to be 

 found by some future collector. 



Below the Falls the ground east of the gorge, away from the 

 ravines, is generally flat, at a level rather higher than that of the 

 river above the Falls. The basalt is close to the surface, and the 

 detritus scattered over it is more like a scanty gravel of the Zambesi 

 than any seen above the Falls. It seems, however, to contain 

 materials from the valley on the east, and this is more noticeable 

 near the spruits draining to the gorge. There is no difference in 

 the character of the worked stones, unless, perhaps, there be a 

 larger proportion that retain their sharpness and are not polished. 



In collecting the artificially worked stones my intention was to 

 get a fair representative sample from each locality, but selection 

 came about involuntarily. The flaked stones lie on the surface 

 with many others of the same material showing no traces of flaking. 

 The better specimens attracted notice and were picked up, while 

 others, on which artificial working was not so obvious, were left 

 on the ground. This was particularly the case with those picked 

 up by the attendant ' boys.' The large proportion of flakes, and 

 particularly of flaked stones, is not therefore fully represented in 

 the specimens collected. It appears plain that of the many arti- 

 ficially-worked stones strewn on the ground very few can properly 

 be called ' implements ' ; and an attempt has been made to establish 

 a numerical proportion of those having any claim to be so considered. 

 The specimens collected, numbering 235, not including those from 

 the gravel and bed of the Maramba, have been sorted into flakes, 

 flaked stones, parts of implements, and implements. ' Flakes ' are 



