402 ME. T. CODRINGTON ON THE [A- U g- x 9°9i 



those of which one face has been struck off by one blow, and the 

 other side is rough, or made up of two or more facets resulting 

 from previous flaking, but without any secondary chipping of the 

 edges. ' Flaked stones ' bear plain evidence of artificial work, but 

 are without any evidence of design. 'Parts of implements' are 

 those in which there is enough evidence of design to justify the 

 supposition that they are implements broken in the making, or 

 unsuccessful attempts at working a cross-grained stone. 'Imple- 

 ments ' include all recognized forms, however rough, in which the 

 material may have been artificially shaped for use. 



It is, of course, sometimes hard to say to which class a specimen 

 should belong. Some flakes, as defined above, may be considered to 

 be scrapers, or arrow-heads, and if so should be ranged in the class 

 of implements ; but the number of flakes left on the ground would 

 more than make up the proportion thus lost. It is also often 

 difficult to decide whether a specimen should be classed as a flaked 

 stone, or as an imperfect implement. Several sortings, in which 

 individual specimens were classed differently, have yielded much the 

 same result on the whole, and the figures now given fairly represent 

 the character of the specimens collected. 



Of 235 specimens only 88, or rather more than one-third, show 

 enough evidence of design to be classed as implements or parts 

 of implements as defined above, and in the specimens from near 

 the left bank of the Zambesi, whence more than half come, the 

 proportion is very slightly higher. The proportion of ' implements ' 

 to ' parts of implements ' is as 1 to 2. Among the former are one 

 perfect shoe-shaped implement, two arrow-heads, stones with a 

 cutting- edge on one side or trimmed all round, trimmed flakes, and 

 scrapers, or sling-stones. Among the latter can be recognized the 

 points and butt-ends of pointed implements and parts of a trimmed 

 cutting-edge, and others are included that look more like ' wasters ' 

 or abandoned attempts to work a cross-grained stone. The rarity 

 of finished implements, however rough, and the abundance of flakes 

 and flaked stones point to the conclusion that the number of im- 

 plements made was large, and that what remains is the refuse- 

 material, the implements having been taken away for use elsewhere. 

 The material described by Mr. Lamplugh as chalcedonic quartzite 

 occurs scattered over the surface in rough irregular lumps with 

 many rough cavities. Although not a good material for the purpose, 

 it must have supplied the material for implements for a wide 

 stretch of country on either side of the Zambesi covered by the red 

 sand, in and upon which no stone is found. This would account 

 for the crudeness and imperfection in the implements now found, 

 which have been observed and commented on. There are, however, 

 exceptions. The implement found by Mr. Balfour, the shoe-shaped 

 implement of grey quartzite, and the arrow-heads found by myself 

 and Mr. Powell, show that well-shaped implements were produced, 

 and the chipping on some of the ' wasters ' left on the ground 

 shows considerable skill in the working of an intractable material. 



