Vol. 65.] THE HOWGILL FELLS AND THEIR TOPOGRAPHY. 599 



of the southern tributary. Drift occurs on the col between the 

 northern tributary and the Black Force valley, where, as already 

 stated, a tongue of ice probably went over into the valley from 

 Fair Mile Beck. 



Proceeding southwards, we come to E Her gill (which must not 

 be confused with the two valleys of the same name to the east of 

 Tebay). It is a U-shaped valley, with much drift filling the floor. 

 The disposition of this drift indicates that a lobe of ice came over 

 the col north of Brown Moor (produced by the beheading of this 

 Ellergill by Longrigg Gill), hence the U-shaped excavation of this 

 comparatively short valley. Half a mile below the col, the occur- 

 rence of Lune Valley drift with Shap Granite apophyses, at a 

 height of over 800 feet, shows that the Lune ice came over Whin 

 End into Ellergill. 



The next stream to the south is important. It is named B lands 

 Gill on the 1-inch, and Chapel Gill on the 6-inch Ordnance 

 Survey map. It has several feeders : the most important of these 

 is Longrigg Beck, which rises on the south side of Ulgill Bigg, with 

 a branch from Wind Scarth Wyke (which has beheaded a tributary 

 of the north-flowing Langdale Beck). The head of Longrigg Beck 

 is marked by a combe, and the valley is no doubt widened by ice, 

 being U-shaped from the start. About a mile from its head it 

 receives Longrigg Gill, which rises in a rocky combe on Fell Head, 

 and flows through a markedly U-shaped valley that hangs some 

 way below the combe. This hanging head of Longrigg Gill was 

 probably at one time the head of the Ellergill valley, but was 

 beheaded by the cutting through of a former ridge between Brown 

 Moor and Longrigg in pre-Glacial times. The valley below this 

 junction of the Beck and Gill is floored with drift. It retains its 

 U-shaped outline and cross-section down to the low ground of the 

 Lune Valley. A third of a mile below the confluence of Longrigg 

 Gill, another stream (Calf Gill) joins Longrigg Beck, flowing from 

 the east and rising on the highest plateau of the Howgill Fells. 

 The Calf, from which the beck takes its name, is the summit of this 

 plateau, and rises 2220 feet above sea-level. This valley has also 

 suffered much from Glacial erosion, is again markedly U-shaped, 

 and starts in a fine combe with morainic material at its mouth, just 

 beneath the Calf. 



On the west side of Longrigg Beck, opposite the entrance of 

 Calf Gill, is a rocky hill, Castley Knotts, which, since we find 

 moraines of drift sweeping in drumlins round its southern face, and 

 crossing Longrigg Beck at a height of about 890 feet, was probably 

 at one time completely overridden by Lune Valley ice. On the east 

 side of the beck, 200 yards above the entrance of Bramrigg Beck, 

 the stream has cut a fine section in the drift. This section shows 

 about 20 feet of local stratified drift containing no foreign boulders, 



