600 DK. J. E. MAKE AND ME. W. G. EEARNSIDES ON [Nov. I909, 



resting upon 40 feet of stiff unstratified Lune Valley drift, with 

 boulders of Shap apophyses, Carboniferous Limestone, and basement 

 Carboniferous conglomerate : similar drift is seen in a section made 

 by Bramrigg Beck, a few yards from its entrance into Longrigg 

 Beck, and above a waterfall. 



Bramrigg Beck comes in also from the east. This beck rises 

 in a slight combe between Bramrigg Top and Calders, about a 

 sixth of a mile south of the source of Calf Beck ; but the valley 

 is essentially waterworn. As far as the influx of the unnamed 

 stream from Rowntree Grains it is typically V-shaped. The two 



Fig. 4. — A V-shaped valley near Arant Haiv, looking' towards the head. 



stream-heads of the tributary from Rowntree Grains have no combes, 

 and are also strictly V-shaped. They furnish admirable examples 

 of the outlines of valleys which have not been affected by ice- 

 erosion : doubtless ice formed in them, but was not effective for 

 erosion. Below the junction of the two forks, the V-shaped cross- 

 section is slightly modified by a conchoidal scoop on the concave 

 south side of the valley. Below the junction of this valley with 

 Bramrigg, the latter becomes more powerfully affected by ice, and 

 is intermediate between a typically V-shaped waterworn valley, 

 and one of TJ-shape modified in a high degree by ice. It has a 

 truncated spur on its southern side. 



Two-thirds of a mile below the junction of the nameless tributary, 



