Vol. 65.] THE HOWGILL FELLS AND THEIR TOPOGRAPHY. 601 



Swarth Greaves Beck enters Bramrigg Beck from the south- 

 east. It rises on the slopes of Arant Haw, and like the last tributary 

 is curved with the concave side to the south. It is very slightly 

 modified by ice-erosion in its upper part, being essentially V-shaped, 

 but has a conchoidal glacial scoop on the concave side lower down. 

 As seen from Fell Head, the conchoidal scoops in these valleys show 

 up well : the south-western sides of the ridges and their summits 

 being convey, and the north-eastern sides concave. 



Bramrigg Beck Valley was deepened by ice to a greater extent 

 than that of Swarth Greaves Beck. Accordingly we find the latter 

 valley hanging slightly, and a rocky gorge with a waterfall at its 

 head is developed, owing to the subsequent tendency to adjustment 

 of grade. The same features are noticeable in Bramrigg Beck itself 

 a few hundred yards lower down, where a small gorge and water- 

 fall mark the greater deepening by ice-erosion of Longrigg Beck 

 Valley. 



Over a mile south of Blands Gill is Crosdale Beck, rising on 

 the south-western side of Arant Haw. The valley is emphatically 

 straight and U-shaped, with truncated spurs on both sides. It has a 

 straight course of 2 miles to its junction with the Lune. A tributary 

 from the north (Combe Gill), rising in a combe, is also U-shaped. 

 A deltoid mass of drift occurs near the head of Crosdale Beck. 



This is the last stream that flows directly into the Lune, for the 

 next stream in order enters the Bawthey. 



Before leaving these streams, it should be noticed that, although 

 they are clearing out the low-level drift of the Lune Valley in the 

 lower part of their courses, they elsewhere flow in series of cascades 

 over solid rock and are engaged in grading their beds to normal 

 courses after the disturbance produced by the Glacial widening 

 and over- deepening of the Lune Valley. 



"We now pass to the consideration of those valleys, the streams of 

 which are tributary to the Bawthey, and shall take them in order 

 from west to east. 



The first stream, Settle Beck Gill, rises on the dip-shelf 

 between Winder and Crook, and from its source falls steeply south- 

 wards, there being a difference in level of about 1000 feet in the 

 mile between the source and the point where it reaches the low 

 ground of the Bawthey Valley. It has been filled to a great depth 

 with a deltoid mass of stiff drift containing well-glaciated boulders : 

 the upper surface of this mass slopes almost uniformly downwards 

 until near the Bawthey, where it joins the drift of the Bawthey 

 Valley with a diminished slope. The stream is now clearing out 

 the drift, as described in the Geological Survey Memoir, and is 

 cutting between the drift and the solid rock, leaving a wide shelf 

 of drift on the western side. The boulders in the higher parts are 

 of local origin ; but at a height of 800 feet above sea-level, and 

 over 400 feet above the Bawthey at the junction of Little Gill, 

 Carboniferous boulders occur, showing that the Bawthey ice rose 



