LONG-HOKNED LOCUSTS. 25 



The males of the majority of the winged species produce a 

 chirping sound. This is produced in the same way as in the 

 Crickets, but the drum is at the base of the wing, and is more 

 developed in the right wing ; the left wing bears the file or bow 

 and is always uppermost (fig. 22). In Ephippiger and a few allied 

 genera both sexes are provided with a sounding apparatus. 



A large number of species in this family have an auditory 

 apparatus or ear at the base of the front tibia3. The tibia at this 

 point is somewhat enlarged, and on each side there is an oval 

 impression, of a complex structure formed to receive sounds. In 

 some species there is only a narrow slit instead of the oval impression. 

 Both sexes possess this apparatus. 



A curious Indian insect (Schizodactylus monstrosus, 1243), 

 exhibited in this case, deserves special notice. It is remarkable for 

 the great length of the wings, which, when at rest, are coiled at the 

 tip like a watch-spring. The tarsi are also unlike those of any other 

 insect. They are four-jointed, the first and fourth are long, the 

 second and third very short, and have on each side a broad and 

 flattened lobe, in addition to which in the posterior pair the basal 

 joint is expanded on each side into a triangular plate. This insect 

 burrows to a considerable depth in the banks of rivers, remaining 

 under ground during the day and flying by night. Some authors 

 have placed this insect in the family Grgllidce on account of its 

 general form and burrowing habits, and on account of the absence 

 of the ear-like impression on the front tibias. The tarsi are, however, 

 four-jointed as in the Phasgonuridce. 



Family LoousTiDiB. 



The next case contains the Grasshoppers and Locusts, Locustidce Table- 

 (Acridiidce of many authors, 1 27 1 -1 295). These differ from the five case 34, 

 preceding families in having short antennas. The tarsi have three 

 joints, the basal ones provided with soft pads beneath. A few species 

 are wingless, or nearly so. In the species which have the wings fully 

 developed, the front pair are of a firmer texture than the hind pair 

 and serve as coverings for them ; they are generally longer than the 

 posterior pair. 



The front legs are not provided with an ear as in the Phasgon- 

 uridce, but a somewhat similar organ is found on each side of the 

 base of abdomen. The chirping of grasshoppers is not produced by 

 the wings, but by rubbing the femur against the wing. If the hind 



